MBE Advance Access published online on October 8, 2008
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msn229
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Research Article |
Wheels within wheels: Clues to the evolution of the Gnas and Gnal loci
Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, Penn State University, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to: Anton Nekrutenko, E-mail: anton{at}bx.psu.edu, Phone: 1(814) 8654752, Fax: 1(814) 8636699
Benjamin Dickins, E-mail: ben{at}bx.psu.edu, Phone: 1(814) 8654754, Fax: 1(814) 8636699
Received for publication June 27, 2008. Revision received September 25, 2008. Accepted for publication October 1, 2008.
The Gnas and Gnal loci, which encode the 
subunits of stimulatory G-proteins, are amongst the most complex eukaryotic genes. They combine elaborate patterns of imprinting, alternative splicing and antisense transcription with tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression. Different regions of these genes evolve at drastically different rates such that some show complete conservation while others are virtually unalignable. Yet the most unusual feature of the Gnas/Gnal complex is the presence of the longest known overlap between coding regions resulting in the production of two unrelated proteins: XLs and its putative regulator ALEX. Here we elucidate the evolutionary history of both loci and uncover new complexities. First, alternatively spliced regions of both loci evolve under varying selective regimes echoing their distinct biological roles. Second, an enigmatic alternative transcript of the Gnas locus, known as Nesp, is likely bi-cistronic. Third, rodent XLs and ALEX follow an evolutionary trajectory distinct from that of other mammals and show extensive sequence variation in the internal repeat region, a fact which might be explained by variation in the robustness of imprinting. Fourth, we show that the overlap between the XLs and ALEX frames is restricted to eutherian mammals. Finally, we reconcile our findings with extensive physiological data derived from animal models.