MBE Advance Access published online on October 8, 2008
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msn223
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Research Article |
The dynamic ups and downs of genome size evolution in Brassicaceae1
1 Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
2 Heidelberg Institute of Plant Sciences, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
3 Yale University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, CT 06511USA
4 Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
5 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, TW9 3AB, Richmond, Surrey, Kew, UK
* Corresponding authors Dr Martin A. Lysak, Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A2, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic, Tel. +420 549 494 154, Fax +420 549 492 654, E-mail: lysak{at}sci.muni.cz. Prof. Dr. Marcus A. Koch, Heidelberg Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Tel. +49 (0)6221 54 4655, Fax +49 (0)6221 54 5508, E-mail: marcus.koch{at}urz.uni-heidelberg.de
Received for publication May 22, 2008. Revision received July 31, 2008. Revision received September 23, 2008. Accepted for publication September 30, 2008.
Crucifers (Brassicaceae, Cruciferae) are a large family comprising some 338 genera and c. 3,700 species. The family includes important crops as well as several model species in various fields of plant research. This paper reports new genome size data for more than 100 cruciferous species in addition to previously published C-values (the DNA amount in the unreplicated gametic nuclei), to give a dataset comprising 185 Brassicaceae taxa, including all but one of the 25 tribes currently recognized. Evolution of genome size was analyzed within a phylogenetic framework based on gene trees built from five data sets (matK, chs, adh, trnLF and ITS). Despite the 16.2-fold variation across the family, most Brassicaceae species are characterised by very small genomes with a mean 1C-value of 0.63 pg. The ancestral genome size (ancGS) for Brassicaceae was reconstructed as anc1C = 0.50 pg. Approximately 50% of crucifer taxa analyzed showed a decrease in genome size compared with the ancGS. The remaining species showed an increase in genome size although this was generally moderate, with significant increases in C-value found only in the tribes Anchonieae and Physarieae. Using statistical approaches to analyse genome size, evolutionary gains or losses in genome size were seen to have accumulated disproportionately faster within longer branches. However, we also found that genome size has not changed substantially through time and most likely evolves passively (i.e. a tempo that cannot be distinguished between neutral evolution or weak forms of selection). The data reveal an apparent paradox between the narrow range of small genome sizes over long evolutionary time periods despite evidence of dynamic genomic processes which have the potential to lead to genome obesity (e.g. transposable element amplification and polyploidy). To resolve this it is suggested that mechanisms to suppress amplification and to eliminate amplified DNA must be active in Brassicaceae although their control and mode of operation are still poorly understood.
Key Words: Brassicaceae • Cruciferae • Arabidopsis • genome size evolution • chromosomes • phylogenetics • polyploidy
1 The present paper is dedicated to the memory of our colleague and friend Dr Leo
Klime, a Czech botanist and ecologist who made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the endemic crucifer flora of the Himalayan region. He provided plant material for several studies on evolution and systematics of Brassicaceae including the present study. Leo was reported missing in August 2007 while carrying out field work in Ladakh, India. He has not been seen since.