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MBE Advance Access published online on October 5, 2007
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Research Article

Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta

Bernhard Hausdorf*,{dagger}, Martin Helmkampf*, Achim Meyer{ddagger}, Alexander Witek§, Holger Herlyn||, Iris Bruchhaus, Thomas Hankeln§, Torsten H. Struck# and Bernhard Lieb{ddagger}

* Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
{ddagger} Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
§ Institute of Molecular Genetics, Biosafety Research and Consulting, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
|| Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
# FB05 Biology/Chemistry, AG Zoology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

{dagger} Corresponding author: Dr. Bernhard Hausdorf, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany, telephone +49-40-428382284, fax +49-40-428383937, e-mail hausdorf{at}zoologie.uni-hamburg.de

Received for publication July 26, 2007. Revision received September 11, 2007. Accepted for publication September 16, 2007.

Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins of 38 metazoans, partly derived from six new EST projects for Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, Sipuncula, Annelida and Acanthocephala, indicate the monophyly of Bryozoa comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta, two taxa which have been separated for more than a century based on seemingly profound morphological differences. Our results also show that bryozoans are more closely related to Neotrochozoa including molluscs and annelids than to Syndermata, the latter comprising Rotifera and Acanthocephala. Furthermore, we find evidence for the position of Sipuncula within Annelida. These findings suggest that classical developmental and morphological key characters such as cleavage pattern, coelomic cavities, gut architecture and body segmentation are subject to greater evolutionary plasticity than traditionally assumed.

Key Words: Metazoa • phylogenomics • Bryozoa • Ectoprocta • Entoprocta • Spiralia


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