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MBE Advance Access published online on June 14, 2007
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm121
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© 2007 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research Article

Lineage-Specific Expansion of the Zinc Finger Associated Domain ZAD

Ho-Ryun Chung*,1, Ulrike Löhr* and Herbert Jäckle*

* Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
1 Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Genetik, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany

Corresponding Author:Ho-Ryun Chung, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Genetik, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany, phone (+49) 030-8413-1147, fax (+49) 030-8413-1152, chung{at}molgen.mpg.de;

Received for publication April 28, 2007. Revision received May 26, 2007. Accepted for publication May 30, 2007.

The zinc finger associated domain (ZAD), present in almost 100 distinct proteins, characterizes the largest subgroup of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in Drosophila melanogaster and was initially found to be encoded by arthropod genomes only. Here, we report that the ZAD was also present in the last common ancestor of arthropods and vertebrates, and that vertebrate genomes contain a single conserved gene that codes for a ZAD-like peptide. Comparison of the ZAD proteomes of several arthropod species revealed an extensive and species-specific expansion of ZAD-coding genes in higher holometabolous insects, and shows that only few ZAD-coding genes with essential functions in Drosophila melanogaster are conserved. Furthermore at least 50% of the ZAD-coding genes of Drosophila melanogaster are expressed in the female germline, suggesting a function in oocyte development and/or a requirement during early embryogenesis. Since the majority of the essential ZAD coding genes of Drosophila melanogaster were not conserved during arthropod or at least during insect evolution, we propose that the LSE of ZAD coding genes shown here may provide the raw material for the evolution of new functions that allow organisms to pursue novel evolutionary paths.

Key Words: Drosophila melanogaster • lineage-specific expansion • Zinc Finger Associated Domain


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