MBE Advance Access published online on January 22, 2007
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm011
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© 2007 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research Article |
Insect Cryptochromes: Gene Duplication and Loss Define Diverse Ways to Construct Insect Circadian Clocks
1 Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, Telephone: (508) 856-6148, Fax: (508) 856-6233
2 Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Group, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, Telephone: (949) 824-1118, Fax: (949) 824-2181
* Correspondence to: abriscoe{at}uci.edu and Steven.Reppert{at}umassmed.edu
Accepted for publication January 18, 2007.
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are components of the central circadian clockwork of metazoans. Phylogenetic analyses show at least two rounds of gene duplication at the base of the metazoan radiation, as well as several losses, gave rise to two cryptochrome (cry) gene families in insects, a Drosophila-like cry1 gene family and a vertebrate-like cry2 family. Previous studies have shown that insect CRY1 is photosensitive, while photo-insensitive CRY2 functions to potently inhibit clock-relevant CLOCK:CYCLE-mediated transcription. Here we extended the transcriptional repressive function of insect CRY2 to two orders – Hymenoptera (the honeybee Apis mellifera and the bumblebee Bombus impatiens) and Coleoptera (the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum). Importantly, the bee and beetle CRY2 proteins are not light sensitive in culture, in either degradation of protein levels or inhibitory transcriptional response, suggesting novel light input pathways into their circadian clocks, as Apis and Tribolium do not have CRY1. By mapping the functional data onto a cryptochrome/6-4 photolyase gene tree, we find that the transcriptional repressive function of insect CRY2 descended from a light-sensitive photolyase-like ancestral gene, probably lacking the ability to repress CLOCK:CYCLE-mediated transcription. These data provide an evolutionary context for proposing novel circadian clock mechanisms in insects.
Key Words: cryptochromes • circadian clocks • CLOCK • CYCLE • photoreceptor • transcriptional activity
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