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MBE Advance Access published online on November 7, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl167
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted October 27, 2006

Research Article

Mitochondrial Genome of the Homoscleromorph Oscarella carmela (Porifera, Demospongiae) Reveals Unexpected Complexity in the Common Ancestor of Sponges and Other Animals

Xiujuan Wang 1 and Dennis V. Lavrov 1 *

1 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Dennis V. Lavrov, E-mail: dlavrov{at}iastate.edu


  Abstract

Homoscleromorpha is a small group in the phylum Porifera (Sponges) characterized by several morphological features (basement membrane, acrosomes in spermatozoa, and cross-striated rootlets of the flagellar basal apparatus) shared with eumetazoan animals but not found in most other sponges. To clarify the phylogenetic position of this group, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella carmela (Porifera, Demospongiae). O. carmela mtDNA is 20,327 bp and contains the largest complement of genes reported for animal mtDNA including a putative gene for the C subunit of the twin-arginine translocase (tatC) that has never been reported in animal mtDNA. The genes in O. carmela mtDNA are arranged in two clusters with opposite transcriptional orientations, a gene arrangement reminiscent of those in several cnidarian mtDNAs, but unlike those reported in sponges. At the same time, phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences from twelve mitochondrial protein genes strongly support the phylogenetic affinity between the Homoscleromorpha and other demosponges. Altogether, our data suggest that homoscleromorphs are demosponges that have retained ancestral features in both mitochondrial genome and morphological organization lost in other taxa, and that the most recent common ancestor of sponges and other animals was morphologically and genetically more complex than previously thought.

Keywords: Porifera; Homoscleromorpha; mtDNA; mitochondrial evolution; tatC.
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