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MBE Advance Access published online on September 13, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl113
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted September 7, 2006

Research Article

Nucleus-to-nucleus Gene Transfer and Protein Retargeting into a Remnant Cytoplasm of Cryptophytes and Diatoms

Sven B. Gould 1, Maik S. Sommer 1, Peter G. Kroth 2, Gillian H. Gile 3, Patrick J. Keeling 3, and Uwe-G. Maier 1 *

1 Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
2 Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
3 Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Uwe-G. Maier, E-mail: maier{at}staff.uni-marburg.de


  Abstract

The complex plastid of the cryptophyte Guillardia theta and of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum can both be traced back to an engulfed eukaryotic red alga. The eukaryotic origin of these plastids is most obvious in cryptophytes, where the organelle still possesses a remnant nucleus, the nucleomorph. The nucleomorph itself is embedded in the periplastid compartment (PPC), the remnant of the former red algal cytosol. In the cryptophyte and diatom the complex plastid is surrounded by four membranes, the outer one being continuous with the host rough ER. In a recent report we have shown that a nuclearly encoded PPC protein of G. theta expressed in P. tricornutum leads to a localization, recently described as being a ‘blob-like structure’, which can be obtained by mutation of plastid protein targeting sequences of the diatom itself.

Here we present further nucleus-encoded PPC proteins from G. theta, such as the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-1{alpha}, evidence for their nucleus-to-nucleus gene transfer and retargeting of the proteins. We also investigated the first nuclear encoded PPC-targeted protein of P. tricornutum (Hsp70) and analyzed it for in vivo localization together with the identified G. theta PPC proteins. This revealed that all localize to the ‘blob-like structures’, which we suggest is the highly reduced PPC of P. tricornutum. Furthermore, the described cryptophyte PPC proteins possibly allow the elucidation of the processes by which proteins are involved in different levels of host control over its eukaryotic organelle.

Keywords: Endosymbiosis; complex plastids; periplastid compartment; gene transfer; protein transport; chromists.
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