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MBE Advance Access published online on August 17, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl088
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted August 14, 2006

Research Article

Assymetric Male and Female Genetic Histories among Native Americans from Eastern North America

Deborah A. Bolnick 1 *, Daniel I. Bolnick 2, and David Glenn Smith 3

1 Research done at the University of California, Davis; Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin
2 Research done at the University of California, Davis; Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
3 Research done at the University of California, Davis; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Deborah A. Bolnick, E-mail: deborah.bolnick{at}mail.utexas.edu


  Abstract

Previous studies have investigated the human population history of eastern North America by examining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation among Native Americans, but these studies could only reconstruct maternal population history. To evaluate similarities and differences in the maternal and paternal population histories of this region, we obtained DNA samples from 605 individuals, representing 16 indigenous populations. After amplifying the amelogenin locus to identify males, we genotyped eight binary polymorphisms and ten microsatellites in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. This analysis identified six haplogroups and 175 haplotypes. We found that sociocultural factors have played a more important role than language or geography in shaping the patterns of Y chromosome variation in eastern North America. Comparisons with previous mtDNA studies of the same samples demonstrate that male and female demographic histories differ substantially in this region. Post-marital residence patterns have strongly influenced genetic structure, with patrilocal and matrilocal populations showing different patterns of male and female gene flow. European contact also had a significant but sex-specific impact due to a high level of male-mediated European admixture. Finally, this study addresses long-standing questions about the history of Iroquoian populations by suggesting that the ancestral Iroquoian population lived in southeastern North America.

Keywords: Native Americans; mitochondrial DNA; Y chromosome; European admixture; social structure; Iroquoian history.
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