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MBE Advance Access published online on June 2, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl027
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted April 27, 2006

Research Article

Housekeeping Genes for Phylogenetic Analysis of Eutherian Relationships

Morgan Kullberg 1 *, Maria A. Nilsson 1, Ulfur Arnason 1, Eric H. Harley 2, and Axel Janke 1

1 Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 29, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
2 Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 29, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden; Division of Chemical Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Morgan Kullberg, E-mail: morgan.kullberg{at}cob.lu.se


  Abstract

The molecular relationship of placental mammals has attracted great interest in recent years. However, two crucial and conflicting hypotheses remain, one with respect to the position of the root of the eutherian tree, the other the relationship between the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares) and Primates. While most mitochondrial (mt) analyses have suggested that rodents have a basal position in the eutherian tree, some nuclear data in combination with mt-rRNA genes have placed the root on the so-called African-Clade, or on a branch that includes this clade and the Xenarthra (e.g. anteater and armadillo). In order to generate a new and independent set of molecular data for phylogenetic analysis we have established cDNA sequences from different tissues of various mammalian species. With this in mind we have identified and sequenced eight housekeeping genes with moderately fast rate of evolution from 22 placental mammals, representing eleven orders. In order to determine the root of the eutherian tree the same genes were also sequenced for three marsupial species, which were used as outgroup. Inconsistent with the analyses of nuclear + mt-rRNA gene data the current data set did not favor a basal position of the African Clade or Xenarthra in the eutherian tree. Similarly, by joining rodents and lagomorphs on the same basal branch (Glires hypothesis), the data set is also inconsistent with the tree commonly favored in mtDNA analyses. The analyses of the currently established sequences have helped examination of problematic parts in the eutherian tree at he same time as they caution against suggestions that have claimed that basal eutherian relationships have been conclusively settled.

Keywords: cDNA; mammals; rooting; phylogeny; outgroup.
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