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MBE Advance Access published online on March 9, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msj123
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted February 20, 2006

Research Article

The GapA/B Gene Duplication Marks the Origin of Streptophyta (Charophytes and Land Plants)

Jörn Petersen 1 *, René Teich 1, Burkhard Becker 2, Rüdiger Cerff 1, and Henner Brinkmann 3

1 Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
2 Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, D-50931 Köln, Germany
3 Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Jörn Petersen, E-mail: j.petersen{at}tu-bs.de


  Abstract

Independent evidence from morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular data have shown that land plants originated from charophycean green algae. However, the branching order within charophytes is still unresolved and contradictory phylogenies about e.g. the position of the unicellular green alga Mesostigma viride are difficult to reconcile. A comparison of nuclear encoded Calvin cycle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) indicates that a crucial duplication of the GapA gene occurred early in land plant evolution. The duplicate called GapB acquired a characteristic carboxy-terminal extension (CTE) from the general regulator of the Calvin cycle CP12. This CTE is responsible for thioredoxin dependent light/dark regulation. In this work, we established GapA, GapB and CP12 sequences from bryophytes, all orders of charophyte as well as chlorophyte green algae and the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of all available plastid GAPDH sequences suggest that glaucophytes and green plants are sister lineages and support a positioning of Mesostigma basal to all charophycean algae. The exclusive presence of GapB in terrestrial plants, charophytes and Mesostigma dates the GapA/B gene duplication to the common ancestor of Streptophyta. The conspicuously high degree of GapB sequence conservation suggests an important metabolic role of the newly gained regulatory function. Since the GapB mediated protein aggregation most likely ensures the complete blockage of the Calvin cycle at night, we propose that this mechanism is also crucial for efficient starch mobilisation. This innovation may be one prerequisite for the development of storage tissues in land plants.

Keywords: gene duplication; land plant origin; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; dehydrogenase; CP12; Mesostigma viride; Cyanophora paradoxa.
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