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MBE Advance Access published online on December 29, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msj088
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted December 22, 2005

Research Article

A Tandem Gene Duplication Followed by Recruitment of a Retrotransposon Created the Paralogous Bucentaur Gene (bcntp97) in the Ancestral Ruminant

Shintaro Iwashita 1 *, Sadao Ueno 1, Kentaro Nakashima 1, Si-Young Song 2, Kenshiro Ohshima 3, Kazuaki Tanaka 4, Hideki Endo 5, Junpei Kimura 6, Masamichi Kurohmaru 7, Katsuhiro Fukuta 8, Lior David 9, and Naoki Osada 10

1 Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo 194-8511, Japan; Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
2 Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
3 Hitachi Instruments Service Co., Ltd., Tokyo 160-0004, Japan
4 Azabu University, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
5 National Science Museum, Tokyo, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
6 Nihon University, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
7 The University of Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
8 Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan
9 Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
10 National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Shintaro Iwashita, E-mail: siwast{at}libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp


  Abstract

Retrotransposable element-1 (RTE-1) is a class of long interspersed nucleotide elements that contain in its open reading frame an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease domain (AP-END) and a reverse transcriptase domain. Ruminants have a clade-specific RTE-1 (BovB/RTE). The bovine bcnt gene (bucentaur or craniofacial developmental protein 1) has a duplicated paralog (bcntp97) in tandem that recruited an AP-END of BovB/RTE as a coding exon (RTE exon). We obtained sequence of the bcnt region from several animals and showed that other ruminants also have the bcntp97 with a conserved RTE exon while camel and pig do not. Genomic Southern analysis showed that camel and pig have multiple bcnt-related sequences but not BovB/RTE which bovine and LMD have abundantly. These results indicate that the bcnt gene duplication followed by the creation of bcntp97 including recruitment of the RTE exon occurred in the ancestral ruminant about 55 Myr ago. The indication of time frame is supported by a phylogenetic analysis. Taken together with a result of differential tissue expression of the two bcnt paralogs, we conclude that bcntp97 was created concurrently with the early radiation of BovB/RTE in an ancestral ruminant and then acquired a novel function.

Keywords: Gene duplication; ruminant; exonization; AP-endonuclease domain; reverse transcriptase domain; adaptive evolution.
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