MBE Advance Access published online on December 2, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msj073
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1 Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology & Evolution; Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences and Australian Centre for Biodiversity: Analysis, Policy and Management, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Throughout the Southern Hemisphere many terrestrial taxa have circum-Antarctic distributions. This pattern is generally attributed to ongoing dispersal (by wind, water, or migrating birds), or relict Gondwanan distributions. Few of these terrestrial taxa have extant representatives in Antarctica, but such taxa would contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary origins of the continental Antarctic fauna. Either these taxa have survived the harsh climate cooling in Antarctica over the last 23 MY (Gondwanan/vicariance origin), or they have dispersed there more recently (<2 MYA). In this context, we examined mtDNA (COI) sequence variation in Cryptopygus and related extant Antarctic and subantarctic terrestrial springtails (Collembola). Sequence divergence was estimated under a maximum likelihood model (GTR+I+
Accepted November 28, 2005
Research Article
Southern Hemisphere Springtails: Could They Have Survived Glaciation of Antarctica?
Mark I. Stevens 1 *,
Penelope Greenslade 2,
Ian D. Hogg 3,
and
Paul Sunnucks 4
2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
3 Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
4 School of Biological Sciences and Australian Centre for Biodiversity: Analysis, Policy and Management, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
Mark I. Stevens, E-mail: M.I.Stevens{at}massey.ac.nz
Abstract 
) between individuals from subantarctic islands, Australia, New Zealand, Patagonia, Antarctic Peninsula, and continental Antarctica. Recent dispersal/colonization (<2 MYA) of Cryptopygus species was inferred between some subantarctic islands and there was a close association between estimated times of divergences based on a molecular clock and proposed geological ages of islands. Most lineages generally grouped according to geographic proximity or by inferred dispersal/colonization pathways. In contrast, the deep divergences found for the four endemic Antarctic species indicate that they represent a continuous chain of descent dating from the break-up of Gondwana to the present. We suggest that the diversification of these springtail species (21-11 MYA) in ice-free glacial refugia throughout the Trans-Antarctic Mountains was caused by the glaciation of the Antarctic continent during the middle to late Miocene.
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