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MBE Advance Access published online on August 24, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi245
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Accepted August 15, 2005

Research Article

Inference of the Phylogenetic Position of Oxymonads Based on 9 Genes: Support for Metamonada and Excavata

Vladimír Hampl 1*, David S. Horner 2, Patricia Dyal 3, Jaroslav Kulda 1, Jaroslav Flegr 1, Peter Foster 4, and T. Martin Embley 4

1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague
2 Department of Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan
3 Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London
4 Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London (Current affiliation: School of Biology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vladimír Hampl, E-mail: vlada{at}natur.cuni.cz


  Abstract

Circumscribing major eukaryote groups and resolving higher order relationships between them are among the most challenging tasks facing molecular evolutionists. Recently, evidence suggesting a new super group (the Excavata) comprising a wide array of flagellates has been collected. This group consists of diplomonads, retortamonads, Carpediemonas, heteroloboseans, Trimastix, jakobids and Malawimonas, all of which possess a particular type of ventral feeding groove that is proposed to be homologous. Euglenozoans, parabasalids and oxymonads have also been associated with Excavata as their relationships to one or more core excavate taxa were demonstrated. However, the main barrier to the general acceptance of Excavata is that its existence is founded primarily on cytoskeletal similarities, without consistent support from molecular phylogenetics. In gene trees, Excavata are typically not recovered together. In this paper, we present an analysis of the phylogenetic position of oxymonads (genus Monocercomonoides) based on concatenation of 8 protein sequences ({alpha}-{beta}-{gamma}-tubulin, EF-1{alpha}, EF-2, cytHSP70, HSP90 and ubiquitin) and 18S rRNA. We demonstrate that the genes are in conflict regarding the position of oxymonads. Concatenation of {alpha}- and {beta}-tubulin placed oxymonads in the plant-chromist part of the tree, while the concatenation of other genes recovered a well-supported group of Metamonada (oxymonads, diplomonads and parabasalids) that branched weakly with euglenozoans - connecting all four excavates included in the analyses and thus providing conditional support for the existence of Excavata.

Keywords: Phylogeny; concatenation; Excavata; Metamonada; oxymonads; Monocercomonoides.
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