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MBE Advance Access published online on August 24, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi244
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Accepted August 3, 2005

Research Article

The Population History of Extant and Extinct Hyenas

Nadin Rohland 1, Joshua L. Pollack 2, Doris Nagel 3, Cédric Beauval 4, Jean Airvaux 5, Svante Pääbo 1, and Michael Hofreiter 1*

1 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
2 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
3 Institute of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
4 UMR 5199 PACEA - Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire (C.B.) / Laboratoire d'Anthropologie des Populations du Passé (B.M.), Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France and Archeosphere, Domaine de Haut-Carré, 351 av des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France
5 Service Régional de l'archéologie de Poitou-Charentes, Centre régional d'archéologie, 13 rue de l'Hôtel-Dieu, 86000 Poitiers, France

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Michael Hofreiter, E-mail: hofreiter{at}eva.mpg.de


  Abstract

We have analyzed partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome-B gene from extant striped, brown and spotted hyenas as well as from Pleistocene cave hyenas. Sequences of the Pleistocene cave hyenas from Eurasia and modern spotted hyenas from Africa are intermixed in phylogenetic analyses, questioning any taxonomic delineation between the two groups. Contrary to cave hyenas in Eurasia spotted hyenas in Africa show a phylogeographic pattern with little geographical overlap between two mtDNA clades, suggesting two Pleistocene refugia in the North and South of Africa, respectively. Our results furthermore suggest three waves of migration from Africa to Eurasia for spotted hyenas, around 3, 1, and 0.3 million years ago. A recent emigration of striped hyenas from Africa to Eurasia took place less than 0.1 million years ago, resulting in a dramatic expansion of the geographical range of striped hyenas. In striped hyenas and within the geographical range of mtDNA clades in spotted hyenas, we found identical sequences several thousand kilometers apart indicating a high rate of migration during the Pleistocene as well as the Holocene. Both striped and brown hyenas show low amounts of genetic diversity, with the later ones displaying just a single haplotype.

Keywords: ancient DNA; migration; out-of-Africa; Pleistocene; phylogeography.
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