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MBE Advance Access published online on April 27, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi160
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Published by Oxford University Press 2005.
Accepted April 16, 2005

Research Article

Host Switch Leads to Emergence of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Humans

Jianbing Mu 1 {dagger}, Deirdre A. Joy 1* {dagger}, Junhui Duan 2, Yaming Huang 3, Jane Carlton 4, John Walker 5, John Barnwell 6, Peter Beerli 7, Michael A. Charleston 8, Oliver G. Pybus 9, and Xin-zhuan Su 2

1 Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA; Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
2 Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
3 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 80 Taoyaun Road, Nanning, GuangXi 530021, P. R. China
4 Parasite Genomics Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
5 Parasitology Section, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, Australia
6 Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
7 School of Computational Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4120, USA
8 School of Information Technologies and SUBIT, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
9 Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Deirdre A. Joy, E-mail: djoy{at}niaid.nih.gov


  Abstract

The geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread human malaria parasite, is controversial. Although genetic closeness to Asian primate malarias has been confirmed by phylogenetic analyses, genetic similarities between P. vivax and Plasmodium simium, a New World primate malaria, suggest humans may have acquired P. vivax from New World monkeys or vice versa. Additionally, the near fixation of the Duffy-negative blood type (FY*Bnull/FY*Bnull) in west and central Africa, consistent with directional selection; and the association of Duffy negativity with complete resistance to vivax malaria, suggest a prolonged period of host-parasite co-evolution in Africa. Here we use Bayesian and likelihood methods in conjunction with cophylogeny mapping to reconstruct the genetic and coevolutionary history of P. vivax from the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of 176 isolates as well as several closely related Plasmodium species. Taken together, a haplotype network, parasite migration patterns, demographic history, and cophylogeny mapping support an Asian origin via a host switch from macaque monkeys.

Keywords: malaria; mitochondrial DNA; host switch; Plasmodium vivax; cophylogeny mapping.

{dagger}These authors contributed equally to this work.


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