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MBE Advance Access published online on April 27, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi153
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Accepted April 14, 2005

Research Article

Phenotypic and Genotypic Expression of Self-incompatibility Haplotypes in Arabidopsis lyrata Suggests Unique Origin of Alleles in Different Dominance Classes

Nadia L. Prigoda 1, Annette Nassuth 1, and Barbara K. Mable 1*

1 Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Barbara K. Mable, E-mail: b.mable{at}bio.gla.ac.uk


  Abstract

The highly divergent alleles of the SRK gene in outcrossing Arabidopsis lyrata have provided important insights into the evolutionary history of self-incompatibility (SI) alleles, and serve as an ideal model for studies of the evolutionary and molecular interactions between alleles in cell-cell recognition systems in general. One tantalizing question is how new specificities arise in systems that require coordination between male and female components. Allelic recruitment via gene conversion has been proposed as one possibility, based on division of DNA sequences at the SRK locus into two distinctive groups: 1) sequences whose relationships are not well-resolved and display the long branch lengths expected for a gene under balancing selection (Class A) and 2) sequences falling into a well-supported group with shorter branch lengths (Class B) that are closely related to an unlinked paralogous locus. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in phenotype (site of expression assayed using allele-specific RT-PCR) or function (dominance relationships assayed through controlled pollinations) accompany the sequence-based classification. Expression of Class A alleles was restricted to floral tissues, as predicted for genes involved in the SI response. In contrast, Class B alleles, despite being tightly linked to the SI phenotype, were unexpectedly expressed in both leaves and floral tissues; the same pattern found for a related unlinked paralogous sequence. Whereas Class A included haplotypes in three different dominance classes, all Class B haplotypes were found to be recessive to all except one Class A haplotype. In addition, mapping of expression and dominance patterns onto an S-domain based geneology suggested that allelic dominance may be determined more by evolutionary history than by frequency-dependent selection for lowered dominance as some theories suggest. The possibility that inter-locus gene conversion might have contributed to allelic diversity is discussed.

Keywords: self-incompatibility; gene conversion; CpG islands; dominance; RNA expression; Arabidopsis lyrata.
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