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MBE Advance Access published online on March 9, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi126
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Accepted February 28, 2005

Research Article

Energy Constraints on the Evolution of Gene Expression

Andreas Wagner 1*

1 Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Andreas Wagner, E-mail: wagnera{at}unm.edu


  Abstract

I here estimate the energy cost of changes in gene expression for several thousand genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A doubling of gene expression. as it occurs in a gene duplication event, is significantly selected against for all genes for which expression data is available. It carries a median selective disadvantage of s>10-5, several times greater than the selection coefficient s=1.47x10-7 below which genetic drift dominates a mutant's fate. When considered separately, increases in mRNA expression or protein expression by more than a factor 2 also have significant energy costs for most genes. This means that the evolution of transcription and translation rates are not evolutionarily neutral processes. They are under active selection opposing them. My estimates are based on genome-scale information of gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as information on the energy cost of biosynthesizing amino acids and nucleotides.

Keywords: gene duplication; evolution; gene expression.
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