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MBE Advance Access published online on February 9, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi107
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Molecular Biology and Evolution © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org.
Accepted January 31, 2005

Research Article

Ancient Origin of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 9 Cellulase Genes

Angus Davison 1* and Mark Blaxter 2

1 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK; Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Angus Davison, E-mail: angus.davison{at}nottingham.ac.uk


  Abstract

While it is widely accepted that most animals (Metazoa) do not have endogenous cellulases, relying instead on intestinal symbionts for cellulose digestion, the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GHF9) cellulases found in the genomes of termites, abalone and sea squirts could be an exception. Using information from expressed sequence tags, we show that GHF9 genes (subgroup E2) are widespread in Metazoa, since at least eleven classes in five phyla have expressed GHF9 cellulases. We also demonstrate that eukaryotic GHF9 gene families are ancient, forming distinct monophyletic groups in plants and animals. As several intron positions are also conserved between four metazoan phyla then, contrary to the still widespread belief that cellulases were horizontally transferred to animals relatively recently, GHF9 genes must derive from an ancient ancestor. We also found that sequences isolated from the same animal phylum tend to group together, and in some deuterostomes, GHF9 genes are characterized by substitutions in catalytically important sites. Several paralogous subfamilies of GHF9 can be identified in plants, and genes from primitive species tend to arise basally to angiosperm representatives. In contrast, GHF9 subgroup E2 genes are relatively rare in bacteria.

Keywords: cellulase; expressed sequence tag; glycosyl hydrolase; horizontal gene transfer.
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