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MBE Advance Access published online on February 2, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi094
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Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005; all rights reserved.
Accepted January 25, 2005

Research Article

Neandertal Evolutionary Genetics; Mitochondrial DNA Data from the Iberian Peninsula

Carles Lalueza-Fox 1*, María Lourdes Sampietro 1, David Caramelli 2, Yvonne Puder 1, Martina Lari 2, Francesc Calafell 1, Cayetana Martínez-Maza 3, Markus Bastir 3, Javier Fortea 4, Marco de la Rasilla 4, Jaume Bertranpetit 1, and Antonio Rosas 3

1 Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
2 Laboratori di Anthropologia, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
3 Departamento de Paleobiologia, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
4 Área de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Oviedo, Teniente Alfonso Martínez, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Carles Lalueza-Fox, E-mail: clalueza{at}ub.edu


  Abstract

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was retrieved for the first time from a Neandertal from the Iberian Peninsula, excavated from the El Sidrón Cave (Asturias, North of Spain), and dated to circa 43,000 YA. The sequence suggests that Iberian Neandertals were not genetically distinct from those of other regions. An estimate of effective population size indicates that the genetic history of the Neandertals was not shaped by an extreme population bottleneck associated with the glacial maximum of 130 KYA. A high level of polymorphism at sequence position 16,258 reflects deeply rooted mtDNA lineages, with the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) at ca. 250 KYA. This coincides with the full emergence of the "classical" Neandertal morphology and fits chronologically with a proposed speciation event of H. neanderthalensis.

Keywords: human evolution; Neandertals; ancient DNA.
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