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MBE Advance Access published online on November 17, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved
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Accepted November 15, 2004

Research Article

Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages

Bo Wen 1, Hui Li 1, Song Gao 1, Xianyun Mao 1, Yang Gao 1, Feng Li 1, Feng Zhang 1, Yungang He 1, Yongli Dong 2, Youjun Zhang 3, Wenju Huang 3, Jianzhong Jin 1, Chunjie Xiao 2, Daru Lu 1, Ranajit Chakraborty 4, Bing Su 4, Ranjan Deka 4, and Li Jin 5*

1 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Center for Anthropological Studies, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
2 Department of Biology and Human Genetics Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
3 Guanxi Univeristy of Nationalities, Nanning, China
4 Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH
5 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Center for Anthropological Studies, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Li Jin, E-mail: lijin{at}fudan.edu.cn or li.jin@uc.edu


  Abstract

Hmong-Mien (H-M) is a major language family in East Asia, and its speakers distribute primarily in southern China and Southeast Asia. To date, genetic studies on H-M speaking populations are virtually absent in the literatures. In this report, we analyzed genetic variations in the mtDNA HVS1 region and diagnostic variants in the coding regions in 537 individuals sampled from 17 H-M populations across East Asia. The results showed that the haplogroups that are predominant in the southern East Asia including B, R9, N9a, and M7 account for 63% (ranging from 45% to 90%) of mtDNAs in H-M populations. Furthermore, AMOVA, phylogenetic tree and principal component (PC) analysis demonstrate closer relatedness between H-M and other southern East Asians, suggesting a general southern origin of maternal lineages in the H-M populations. The estimated ages of the mtDNA lineages that are specific to H-M coincide with those based on archeological cultures that have been associated with H-M. Analysis of genetic distance and phylogenetic tree indicated some extent of difference between the Hmong and Mien populations. Together with the higher frequency of north-dominating lineages observed in the Hmong people, it is indicated that the Hmong populations had experienced more contact with the northern East Asians, consistent with historical evidence. Moreover, our data defined some new (sub-)haplogroups (A6, B4e, B4f, C5, F1a1, F1a1a, and R9c), which will direct further efforts to improve the phylogeny of East Asian mtDNAs.

Keywords: East Asia; Hmong-Mien; Genetic structure; mtDNA; Haplogroup.
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