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MBE Advance Access published online on July 7, 2004

Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh203
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved
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Accepted June 28, 2004

Original Articles

Chloroplast Phylogeny Indicates That Bryophytes Are Monophyletic

Tomoaki Nishiyama 1, Paul G. Wolf 2, Masanori Kugita 3, Robert B. Sinclair 4, Mamoru Sugita 5, Chika Sugiura 5, Tatsuya Wakasugi 6, Kyoji Yamada 6, Koichi Yoshinaga 3, Kazuo Yamaguchi 7, Kunihiko Ueda 8, Mitsuyasu Hasebe 9*

1 National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
2 Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
3 Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
4 The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbour, Maine 04609, USA
5 Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
6 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
7 Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University 920-0934, Japan
8 Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
9 National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Molecular Biomechanics, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mhasebe{at}nibb.ac.jp.


   Abstract

Opinions on the basal relationship of land plants vary considerably and no phylogenetic tree with significant statistical support has been obtained. Here, we report phylogenetic analyses using 51 genes from the entire chloroplast genome sequences of 20 representative green plant species. The analyses, using translated amino acid sequences, indicated that extant bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) form a monophyletic group with high statistical confidence, and that extant bryophytes are likely sister to extant vascular plants, although the support for monophyletic vascular plants was not strong. Analyses at the nucleotide level could not resolve the basal relationship with statistical confidence. Bryophyte monophyly inferred using amino acid sequences has a good statistical foundation and is not rejected statistically by other datasets. We propose bryophyte monophyly as the current best hypothesis.

Keywords: land plants; bryophytes; codon usage; nucleotide composition; LogDet.
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