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MBE Advance Access published online on April 14, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh147
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved
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Accepted March 29, 2004

Original Articles

The Chloroplast Genome of Nymphaea alba, Whole Genome Analyses and the Problem of Identifying the Most Basal Angiosperm

Vadim V. Goremykin 1*, Karen I. Hirsch-Ernst 2, Stefan Wölfl 3, Frank H. Hellwig 1

1 Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 16, D-07743 Jena, Germany
2 Zentrum Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
3 Klinik für Innere Medizin, Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Vadim.Goremykin{at}uni-jena.de.


  Abstract

Angiosperms (flowering plants) dominate contemporary terrestrial flora with roughly 250,000 species, but their origin and early evolution are still poorly understood. In recent years, molecular evidence has accumulated suggesting a dicotyledonous origin of monocots. Phylogenetic reconstructions have suggested that several dicotyledonous groups that include taxa such as Amborella, Austrobaileya and Nymphaea branch off as the most basal among angiosperms. This has led to the concept of monocots, "eudicots", "basal dicots", and "ANITA" groupings (Savolainen and Chase 2003). Here we present the sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast DNA of Nymphaea alba. Phylogenetic analyses of our 14 species dataset, consisting of 29991 aligned nucleotide positions per chloroplast genome, revealed consistent support for Nymphaea being a divergent member of a monophyletic dicot assemblage. Three distinct angiosperm lineages were supported in the majority of our phylogenetic analyses - eudicots, Magnoliopsida and monocots. However, the monocot lineage leading to the grasses was the deepest-branching and showed the strongest affinity to gymnosperms. Whilst analyses of only one individual gene alignment (out of 61) is consistent with some recently proposed hypotheses for the paraphyly of dicots, we also report observations that nine genes do not support paraphyly of dicots. Instead, they support the basal monocot-dicot split. Consistent with this finding, we also report observations suggesting that the monocot lineage leading to the grasses has the strongest phylogenetic affinity to gymnosperms. Our findings have general implications for studies of substitution model specification and analyses of concatenated genome data.

Key Words: Nymphaea, chloroplast genomes, angiosperms, gymnosperms, molecular evolution, substitution rates


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