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MBE Advance Access published online on March 19, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh127
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved
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Accepted February 27, 2004

Original Articles

Plastid-Derived Single Gene Minicircles of the Dinoflagellate Ceratium horridum Are Localized in the Nucleus

T. Laatsch 1, S. Zauner 2*, B. Stoebe-Maier 1, K. V. Kowallik 1, U.-G. Maier 2

1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
2 Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zauner{at}staff.uni-marburg.de.


  Abstract

Recent reports show that numerous chloroplast-specific proteins of peridinin-containing dinoflagellates are encoded on minicircles -- small plasmid-like molecules containing one or two polypeptide genes each. The genes for these polypeptides are chloroplast-specific, because their homologues from other photosynthetic eukaryotes are exclusively encoded in the chloroplast genome. Here we report the isolation, sequencing and subcellular localization of minicircles from the peridinin-containing dinoflagellate Ceratium horridum. The C. horridum minicircles are organized in the same manner as in other peridinin-containing dinoflagellates and encode the same kinds of plastid-specific proteins as previous studies reported. However, intact plastids isolated from C. horridum do not contain minicircles, nor do they contain DNA that hybridizes to minicircle-specific probes. Rather, C. horridum minicircles are localized in the nucleus as shown by cell-fractionation, Southern hybridization, and in situ hybridization with minicircle-specific probes. A high molecular weight DNA was detected in purified C. horridum plastids, but it is apparently not minicircular in organization, as hybridization with a cloned probe from the plastid-localized DNA suggests. The distinction between C. horridum and other peridinin-containing dinoflagellates at the level of their minicircle localization is paralleled by C. horridum thylakoid organization, which also differs from that of other peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, indicating that a hitherto underestimated diversity of minicircle DNA localization and thylakoid organization exists across various dinoflagellate groups.

Key Words: Dinoflagellates, plastids, minicircles, peridinin


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