MBE Advance Access published online on February 12, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh079
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved
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1 Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: matz{at}whitney.ufl.edu.
Homologs of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), including the recently described GFP-like domains of certain extracellular matrix proteins in Bilaterian organisms, are remarkably similar at the protein structure level, yet often perform totally unrelated functions, thereby warranting recognition as a superfamily. Here we describe diverse GFP-like proteins from previously under-sampled and completely new sources, including hydromedusae and planktonic Copepoda. In hydromedusae, yellow and non-fluorescent purple proteins were found in addition to greens. Notably, the new yellow protein seems to follow exactly the same structural solution to achieving the yellow color of fluorescence as YFP, an engineered yellow-emitting mutant variant of GFP. Addition of these new sequences made it possible to resolve deep-level phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily. Fluorescence (most likely green) must have already existed in the common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria, and therefore GFP-like proteins may be responsible for fluorescence and/or coloration in virtually any animal. At least 15 color diversification events can be inferred following the maximum parsimony principle in Cnidaria. Origination of red fluorescence and non-fluorescent purple-blue colors on several independent occasions provides a remarkable example of convergent evolution of complex features at the molecular level. Key Words:
DsRed, chromophore, coral, color, nidogen, convergent evolution
© 2004 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
Original Articles
GFP-Like Proteins as Ubiquitous Metazoan Superfamily: Evolution of Functional Features and Structural Complexity
2 Institute of Biochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr. 33, 117071 Moscow, Russia
3 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, 23 Krasikova St., 117218 Moscow, Russia
4 Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080; Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Gene Expression, INTA - University of Chile, Macul #5540, Santiago, Chile
5 Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080
6 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946
7 Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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