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MBE Advance Access published online on December 5, 2003
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh023
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2003; all rights reserved
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Accepted September 22, 2003
© 2003 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

Original Articles

The Evolution of SMC Proteins: Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Implications

Neville Cobbe 1 and Margarete M. S. Heck 1*

1 Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: margarete.heck{at}ed.ac.uk.


  Abstract

The SMC proteins are found in nearly all living organisms examined, where they play crucial roles in mitotic chromosome dynamics, regulation of gene expression and DNA repair. We have explored the phylogenetic relationships of SMC proteins from prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as their relationship to similar ABC ATPases, using maximum likelihood analyses. We have also investigated the co-evolution of different domains of eukaryotic SMC proteins and attempted to account for the evolutionary patterns we have observed in terms of available structural data. Based on our analyses, we propose that each of the six eukaryotic SMC subfamilies originated through a series of ancient gene duplication events, with the condensins evolving more rapidly than the cohesins. In addition, we show that the SMC5 and SMC6 subfamily members have evolved comparatively rapidly and suggest that these proteins may perform redundant functions in higher eukaryotes. Finally, we propose a possible structure for the SMC5/SMC6 heterodimer based on patterns of coevolution.

Key Words: SMC, phylogeny, condensin, cohesin, ABC ATPases, maximum likelihood


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