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MBE Advance Access published online on August 29, 2003
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msg220
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2003; all rights reserved
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Accepted July 14, 2003
© 2003 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

Original Articles

Transposable Elements Reveal the Impact of Introgression, Rather than Transposition, in Pisum Diversity, Evolution and Domestication

Alexander V. Vershinin 1*, Theodore R. Allnutt 1, Maggie R. Knox 1, Mike J. Ambrose 1, and T. H. Noel Ellis 1

1 Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alexander.vershinin{at}bbsrc.ac.uk.


  Abstract

The genetic structure and evolutionary history of the genus Pisum was studied exploiting our germplasm collection to compare the contribution of different mechanisms to the generation of diversity. We used SSAP markers to assess insertion site polymorphism generated by a representative of each of the two major groups of LTR-containing retrotransposons, PDR1 (Ty1/copia-like) and Cyclops (Ty3/gypsy-like), together with Pis1, a member of the En/Spm transposon superfamily. The analysis of extended sets of the 4 main Pisum species, P. fulvum, P. elatius, P. abyssinicum and P. sativum, together with the reference set revealed a distinct pattern of the NJ (Neighbour-Joining) tree for each basic lineage which reflects the different evolutionary history of each species. SSAP markers showed that Pisum is exceptionally polymorphic for an inbreeding species. The patterns of phylogenetic relationships deduced from different transposable elements were in general agreement. The retrotransposon derived markers gave a clearer separation of the main lineages than the Pis1 markers and were able to distinguish the truly wild form of P. elatius from the antecedents of P. sativum. There were more species-specific and unique PDR1 markers in P. fulvum and P. elatius compared to Pis1 markers, pointing to PDR1 activity during speciation and diversification, but the proportion of these markers is low. The overall genetic diversity of Pisum and the extreme polymorphism in all species, except P. abyssinicum, indicates a high contribution of recombination between multiple ancestral lineages compared to transposition within lineages. The two independently domesticated pea species, P. abyssinicum and P. sativum, arose in contrasting ways from the common processes of hybridisation, introgression and selection without associated transpositional activity.

Key Words: Transposable elements, Pisum evolution, molecular markers, recombination, domestication, retrotransposon activity


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