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MBE Advance Access published online on May 30, 2003
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msg125
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2003; all rights reserved
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Accepted March 24, 2003
© 2003 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

Original Articles

Molecular Phylogenies and Divergence Times of Sea Urchin Species of Strongylocentrotidae, Echinoida

Youn-Ho Lee 1*

1 Polar Sciences Laboratory, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ylee{at}kordi.re.kr.


  Abstract

Sea urchins of the family Strongylocentrotidae have been important model systems in many fields of basic biology, yet understanding on their evolutionary identities such as the phylogenetic relationships and the divergence times remains limited. Here, I inferred molecular phylogenies of seven Strongylocentrotid species (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, S. nudus, S. purpuratus, S. intermedius, S. droebachiensis, S. pallidus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) from the analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences of 12SrDNA (349nt), 12SrDNA-tRNA(gln) region (862nt), and a combined sequence of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, 1080nt) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (NDI, 742nt). The rate of sequence evolution and divergence times for each species were then estimated from the trees with reference to the time of separation between Strongylocentrotidae and Parechinidae, 35 to 50 MYA. The three trees agree well with each other and the phylogeny is summarized by ((S. franciscanus, S. nudus), (H. pulcherrimus (S. purpuratus, S. intermedius (S. droebachiensis, S. pallidus)))). It is notable that the genus Strongylocentrotus consists of two distinct clades and that H. pulcherrimus branches off within Strongylocentrotus, implying assignment of a separate, mono-specific genus to this species inappropriate. The rate of sequence evolution is calibrated to be 0.24-0.34%/Myr in 12SrDNA, 0.25-0.36%/Myr in 12SrDNA-tRNA(gln), and 0.65-0.93%/Myr in COI-NDI combined sequences. S. purpuratus, in particular, shows the significantly higher rate of evolution in 12SrDNA and 12SrDNA-tRNA(gln) region compared to other species, suggesting careful use of its sequences in comparative studies. The two clades of Strongylocentrotidae seem to have split 13-19 MYA and H. pulcherrimus branched off 7.2-14 MYA. In the former clade, S. franciscanus and S. nudus separated 5.7-8.1 MYA. In the latter clade, S. purpuratus, S. intermedius and the clade of S. droebachiensis and S. pallidus diverged approximately 4.6-12 MYA, and the last two closest species separated 2.1-3.1 MYA.

Key Words: Strongylocentrotidae, sea urchin, phylogeny, evolutionary rate, divergence time, speciation


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