MBE Advance Access published online on March 5, 2003
Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/molbev/msg050
Molecular Biology and Evolution © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2003; all rights reserved
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1 Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nxm2{at}psu.edu.
Although the phylogenetic relationships of major lineages of primate species are relatively well established, the times of divergence of these lineages as estimated by molecular data are still controversial. This controversy has been generated partly because different authors have used different types of molecular data, different statistical methods, and different calibration points. We have therefore examined the effects of these factors on the estimates of divergence times and reached the following conclusions. (1) It is advisable to concatenate many gene sequences and use a multigene gamma distance for estimating divergence times rather than using the individual gene approach. (2) When sequence data from many nuclear genes are available, protein sequences appears to give more robust estimates than DNA sequences. (3) Nuclear proteins are generally more suitable than mitochondrial proteins for time estimation. (4) It is important first to construct a phylogenetic tree for a group of species using some outgroups and then estimate the branch lengths. (5) It appears to be better to use a few reliable calibration points rather than many unreliable ones. Considering all these factors and using two calibration points, we estimated that the human lineage diverged from the chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, Old World monkey, and New World monkey lineages approximately 6 (with a range of 5-7), 7 (6-8), 13 (12-15), 23 (21-25), and 33 (32-36) million years ago (Ma), respectively. Key Words:
divergence times, concatenated distance, primate species, calibration points
© 2003 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
Original Articles
Estimation of Divergence Times for Major Lineages of Primate Species
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