MBE Advance Access originally published online on May 19, 2007
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(8):1801-1810; doi:10.1093/molbev/msm099
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Research Articles |
Genetic Viability and Population History of the Giant Panda, Putting an End to the "Evolutionary Dead End"?
* Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Biodiversity and Ecological Processes Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
E-mail: weifw{at}ioz.ac.cn.
Accepted for publication May 15, 2007.
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and human persecution. Its dietary specialization, habitat isolation, and reproductive constraints have led to a perception that this is a species at an "evolutionary dead end," destined for deterministic extinction in the modern world. Here we examine this perception by a comprehensive investigation of its genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history across its geographic range. We present analysis of 655 base pairs of mitochondrial (mt) control region (CR) DNA and 10 microsatellite loci for samples from its 5 extant mountain populations (Qinling, Minshan, Qionglai, Liangshan, and Lesser Xiangling). Surprisingly, extant populations display average to high levels of CR and microsatellite diversity compared with other bear species. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant in most cases but was markedly higher between Qinling and the other mountain ranges, suggesting, minimally, that the Qinling population should comprise a separate management unit for conservation purposes. Recent demographic inference using microsatellite markers demonstrated a clear genetic signature for population decline starting several thousands years ago or even futher back in the past, and being accelerated and enhanced by the expansion of human populations. Importantly, these data suggest that the panda is not a species at an evolutionary "dead end," but in common with other large carnivores, has suffered demographically at the hands of human pressure. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on the restoration and protection of wild habitat and the maintenance of the currently substantial regional genetic diversity, through active management of disconnected populations.
Key Words: genetic diversity • population structure • population demography • evolutionary dead end
Scott Edwards, Associate Editor