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MBE Advance Access originally published online on July 19, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(10):1966-1975; doi:10.1093/molbev/msl063
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Research Article

Deciphering Past Human Population Movements in Oceania: Provably Optimal Trees of 127 mtDNA Genomes

Melanie J. Pierson*,{dagger}, Rosa Martinez-Arias{ddagger}, Barbara R. Holland*, Neil J. Gemmell{dagger}, Matthew E. Hurles§ and David Penny*

* Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; {dagger} School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; {ddagger} GBF German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany; § Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom

E-mail: mjp110{at}student.canterbury.ac.nz.

The settlement of the many island groups of Remote Oceania occurred relatively late in prehistory, beginning approximately 3,000 years ago when people sailed eastwards into the Pacific from Near Oceania, where evidence of human settlement dates from as early as 40,000 years ago. Archeological and linguistic analyses have suggested the settlers of Remote Oceania had ancestry in Taiwan, as descendants of a proposed Neolithic expansion that began approximately 5,500 years ago. Other researchers have suggested that the settlers were descendants of peoples from Island Southeast Asia or the existing inhabitants of Near Oceania alone. To explore patterns of maternal descent in Oceania, we have assembled and analyzed a data set of 137 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes from Oceania, Australia, Island Southeast Asia, and Taiwan that includes 19 sequences generated for this project. Using the MinMax Squeeze Approach (MMS), we report the consensus network of 165 most parsimonious trees for the Oceanic data set, increasing by many orders of magnitude the numbers of trees for which a provable minimal solution has been found. The new mtDNA sequences highlight the limitations of partial sequencing for assigning sequences to haplogroups and dating recent divergence events. The provably optimal trees found for the entire mtDNA sequences using the MMS method provide a reliable and robust framework for the interpretation of evolutionary relationships and confirm that the female settlers of Remote Oceania descended from both the existing inhabitants of Near Oceania and more recent migrants into the region.

Key Words: human • mtDNA • Oceania • MMS • prehistory


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