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MBE Advance Access originally published online on December 1, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005 22(3):747-757; doi:10.1093/molbev/msi060
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Molecular Biology and Evolution vol. 22 no. 3 © Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004; all rights reserved.

Research Article

New Regulatory Regions of Drosophila 412 Retrotransposable Element Generated by Recombination

Nathalie Mugnier, Christian Biémont and Cristina Vieira

Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France

E-mail: vieira{at}biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr.

There are no doubts that transposable elements (TEs) have greatly influenced genomes evolution. They have, however, evolved in different ways throughout mammals, plants, and invertebrates. In mammals they have been shown to be widely present but with low transposition activity; in plants they are responsible for large increases in genome size. In Drosophila, despite their low amount, transposition seems to be higher. Therefore, to understand how these elements have evolved in different genomes and how host genomes have proposed to go around them, are major questions on genome evolution. We analyzed sequences of the retrotransposable elements 412 in natural populations of the Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster species that greatly differ in their amount of TEs. We identified new subfamilies of this element that were the result of mutation or insertion-deletion process, but also of interfamily recombinations. These new elements were well conserved in the D. simulans natural populations. The new regulatory regions produced by recombination could give rise to new elements able to overcome host control of transposition and, thus, become potential genome invaders.

Key Words: retrotransposable element 412 • Drosophila natural populations • regulatory region


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