MBE Advance Access originally published online on August 5, 2004
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004 21(11):2092-2101; doi:10.1093/molbev/msh218
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Research Article |
Microsatellite Variation and Evolutionary History of PCDHX/Y Gene Pair Within the Xq21.3/Yp11.2 Hominid-Specific Homology Block
* IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
E-mail: alopes{at}ipatimup.pt.
To better understand the evolutionary dynamics of repetitive sequences in human sex chromosomes, we have analyzed seven new X/Y homologous microsatellites located within PCDHX/Y, one of the two recently described gene pairs in the Xq21.3/Yp11.2 hominid-specific homology block, in samples from Portugal and Mozambique. Sharp differences were observed on X/Y allele distributions, concerning both the presence of private alleles and a different modal repeat length for X-linked and Y-linked markers, and this difference was statistically significant. Higher diversity was found in X-linked microsatellites than in their Y chromosome counterparts; when comparing populations, Mozambicans showed more allele diversity for the X chromosome, but the contrary was true for the Y chromosome microsatellites. Evolutionary patterns, relying on intragenic PCDHX/Y SNPs, also revealed distinct scenarios for X and Y chromosomes. Greater microsatellite diversity was displayed by African X chromosomes within the most common haplotypes shared by both populations, whereas higher microsatellite diversity was found in Portugal for the ancestral Y chromosome haplotype. The most frequent PCDHY haplotype in Portuguese was the derived one, and it was not found in Mozambicans. TMRCA estimated by the 
parameter resulted in 13,700 years (7,500–20,000 years), which is consistent with a recent, post–Out-of-Africa origin for this haplotype. In conclusion, the newly described microsatellite loci generally displayed greater X-linked to Y-linked diversity and this pattern was also detected with slower evolving markers, with a remarkable differentiation between populations observed for Y chromosome haplotypes and, thus, greater divergence among Y chromosomes in human populations.
Key Words: Microsatellite variation • sex chromosomes • ProtocadherinX/Y • Homo sapiens • evolution