MBE Advance Access originally published online on April 25, 2003
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Mol. Biol. Evol. 20(7):1062-1069. 2003
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msg114
© 2003 by the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. ISSN: 0737-4038
Duplicative Transfer of a MADS Box Gene to a Plant Y Chromosome
* Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Olomouc, Czech Republic
|| Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
E-mail: sachi{at}bio.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp.
Y chromosomes carry genes with functions in male reproduction and often have few other loci. Their evolution and the causes of genetic degeneration are of great interest. In addition to genetic degeneration, the acquisition of autosomal genes may be important in Y chromosome evolution. We here report that the dioecious plant Silene latifolia harbors a complete MADS box gene, SlAP3Y, duplicated onto the Y chromosome. This gene has no X-linked homologs but only an autosomal paralog, SlAP3A, and sequence divergence suggests that the duplication is a quite old event that occurred soon after the evolution of the sex chromosomes. Evolutionary sequence analyses using homologs of closely related species, including hermaphroditic Silene conica and dioecious Silene dioica and Silene diclinis, suggest that both SlAP3A and SlAP3Y genes encode functional proteins. Indeed, quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analyses showed that SlAP3A is expressed specifically in developing petals, but SlAP3Y is much more strongly expressed in developing stamens. The S. conica homolog, ScAP3A, is expressed in developing petals, suggesting subfunctionalization with evolution of male-specific functions, possibly due to evolutionary change in regulatory elements. Our results suggest that the acquisition of autosomal genes is an important event in the evolution of plant Y chromosomes.
Key Words: dioecious plant • Y chromosome • sex differentiation • MADS box gene • subfunctionalization • duplication
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