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Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1203-1207 (2002)
© 2002 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

Phylogenetic Analysis Indicates Multiple Origins of Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes in Dinoflagellates

Thomas F. Fagan and J. Woodland Hastings

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Although the endosymbiotic theory of evolution (Margulis 1970Citation ) is widely accepted, the series of events that led to the permanent inclusion of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells are poorly understood. In particular, the diverse biochemical and morphological properties of chloroplasts have led to suggestions that these organelles have been acquired through multiple primary endosymbiotic events (for a review see Delwiche 1999Citation ). Furthermore, the presence of three and sometimes four (Gibbs 1962Citation ) membranes around certain chloroplasts, some in association with a second nucleus, suggests that secondary endosymbiosis—the incorporation within a eukaryote of a heritable organelle from another eukaryote—has also occurred (Gibbs 1981Citation ). Secondary endosymbioses may also have occurred more than once (Delwiche and Palmer 1997Citation ; Delwiche 1999Citation ); in fact, the possibility that some autotrophic eukaryotes lost their photosynthetic organelles only to regain them in a later endosymbiotic event cannot be excluded. The occurrence of . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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