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Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:978-982 (2002)
© 2002 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

Pelobionts are Degenerate Protists: Insights from Molecules and Morphology1

Virginia P. Edgcomb, Alastair G. B. Simpson2, Linda Amaral Zettler, Thomas. A. Nerad, David J. Patterson, Michael E. Holder and Mitchell L. Sogin

*Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts;
{dagger}School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney;
{ddagger}Protistology Collection, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia

Pelobionts (Archamoebae sensu Cavalier-Smith 1991Citation ) lack mitochondria and are mostly free-living, heterotrophic, amoeboid, flagellated protists that inhabit organically enriched, microoxic, or anoxic freshwater and marine environments (Schulze 1877Citation ; Penard 1921Citation ; Brugerolle 1993Citation ). Because of their ultrastructural simplicity and the basal position of many amitochondriate parasitic protists in ribosomal RNA phylogenies (Sogin 1997Citation ), pelobionts were hypothesized to represent one of the earliest diverging eukaryotic lineages (Margulis 1970Citation ; Whatley 1976Citation ; Griffin 1979Citation ; Cavalier-Smith 1983Citation ; Griffin 1988Citation ; Whatley and Chapman-Andresen 1990Citation ; Cavalier-Smith 1991Citation ; Brugerolle 1993Citation ; Patterson 1994Citation ). However, molecular data support conflicting hypotheses about the monophyly and phylogenetic placement of pelobionts. Early analyses of small subunit rRNAs (SSU rRNA) (Hinkle et al. 1994Citation ) and partial sequences of large subunit rRNAs (LSU rRNA) (Morin and Mignot 1995Citation ) show that the pelobiont Mastigamoeba balamuthi (=Phreatamoeba balamuthi [Simpson et . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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