Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 11, 854-863, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
L Bargelloni, PA Ritchie, T Patarnello, B Battaglia, DM Lambert and A Meyer
Most fishes of the perciform suborder Notothenioidei are endemic to the
subzero marine waters of Antarctica. A number of remarkable physiological
attributes allow them to inhabit this extreme environment; for example, the
blood of almost all notothenioid species contains antifreeze glycopeptides.
To establish a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for these fishes, DNA
sequences from two mitochondrial genes, portions of the 12S and 16S
ribosomal genes (928 base pairs [bp]), were determined for 18 species.
These belong to 15 genera in five families of the suborder. The DNA data
suggest that two of these families are unnatural groups and consequently
that the classification and phylogeny of this suborder is in need of
revision. In terms of DNA variation, the Bovichtidae are a distantly
related sister group to the other families of the suborder that includes
the icefishes, the only vertebrates without hemoglobin. The fishes of the
suborder (except the Bovichtidae) seem to have speciated rapidly, forming
an adaptive radiation in the Antarctic waters. A phylogenetic analysis of
published hemoglobin amino acid sequences for other notothenioid fishes
supports these results from mtDNA. On the basis of molecular phylogeny, the
evolution of antifreeze glycopeptides was studied. The age of the radiation
of notothenioid fishes had been estimated to be at least 38 Mya. However,
the level of mtDNA variation detected in notothenioid fishes appears to be
too low to agree with this date of origin and might instead suggest a
younger age (10-15 Mya). Alternatively, the low level of detected mtDNA
variation would agree with the traditional old-age estimate if an extremely
slow rate of mtDNA evolution is postulated for this group. This slow-rate
hypothesis, if true, could be explained by decreased metabolic rates
slowing down the tempo of molecular evolution.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular evolution at subzero temperatures: mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of fishes from Antarctica (suborder Notothenioidei), and the evolution of antifreeze glycopeptides
Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
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