| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 10, 2-22, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
N Takahata
Genetic variation at most loci examined in human populations indicates that
the (effective) population size has been approximately 10(4) for the past 1
Myr and that individuals have been genetically united rather tightly. Also
suggested is that the population size has never dropped to a few
individuals, even in a single generation. These impose important
requirements for the hypotheses for the origin of modern humans: a
relatively large population size and frequent migration if populations were
geographically subdivided. Any hypothesis that assumes a small number of
founding individuals throughout the late Pleistocene can be rejected.
Extraordinary polymorphism at some loci of the major histocompatibility
complex (Mhc) rules out the past action of severe bottlenecks, or the
so-called founder principle, which invokes only a small number of founding
individuals when a new species emerges. This conclusion may be extended to
the 35-Myr-old history of the human lineage, because some polymorphism at
Mhc loci seems to have lasted that long. Furthermore, although the
population structure prior to the late Pleistocene is less clear, owing to
the insensitivity of Mhc alleles, even to low levels of migration, the
nature of Mhc polymorphism suggests that the effective size of populations
leading to humans was as large as 10(5). Hence, the effective population
size of humans might have become somewhat smaller in most of the late
Pleistocene. The reduction could be due either to the then adverse
environment in the Old World and/or to the increased migration rate. It is
also argued that population explosion fostered by the agriculture
revolution has had significant effects on incorporating new alleles into
human populations.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Allelic genealogy and human evolution
National Institute of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Japan.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. J. Oswald, J. M. Grady, and J. M. Quattro Cytonuclear Patterns of Genetic Diversity and the Intricate Evolutionary History of the Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) J. Hered., September 1, 2009; 100(5): 526 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. van Oosterhout A new theory of MHC evolution: beyond selection on the immune genes Proc R Soc B, February 22, 2009; 276(1657): 657 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Carneiro, N. Ferrand, and M. W. Nachman Recombination and Speciation: Loci Near Centromeres Are More Differentiated Than Loci Near Telomeres Between Subspecies of the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Genetics, February 1, 2009; 181(2): 593 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Heslin, P. Murcia, F. Arnaud, K. Van Doorslaer, M. Palmarini, and J. Lenz A Single Amino Acid Substitution in a Segment of the CA Protein within Gag That Has Similarity to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Blocks Infectivity of a Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Provirus in the Human Genome J. Virol., January 15, 2009; 83(2): 1105 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rokas and S. B. Carroll Frequent and Widespread Parallel Evolution of Protein Sequences Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2008; 25(9): 1943 - 1953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Burgess and Z. Yang Estimation of Hominoid Ancestral Population Sizes under Bayesian Coalescent Models Incorporating Mutation Rate Variation and Sequencing Errors Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2008; 25(9): 1979 - 1994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Kim and S. V. Yi Mammalian Nonsynonymous Sites Are Not Overdispersed: Comparative Genomic Analysis of Index of Dispersion of Mammalian Proteins Mol. Biol. Evol., April 1, 2008; 25(4): 634 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Kim and Y. Satta Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans Genetics, March 1, 2008; 178(3): 1505 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Tenesa, P. Navarro, B. J. Hayes, D. L. Duffy, G. M. Clarke, M. E. Goddard, and P. M. Visscher Recent human effective population size estimated from linkage disequilibrium Genome Res., April 1, 2007; 17(4): 520 - 526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Soejima, H. Tachida, T. Ishida, A. Sano, and Y. Koda Evidence for Recent Positive Selection at the Human AIM1 Locus in a European Population Mol. Biol. Evol., January 1, 2006; 23(1): 179 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. E. Walsh, I. L. Jones, and V. L. Friesen A Test of Founder Effect Speciation Using Multiple Loci in the Auklets (Aethia spp.) Genetics, December 1, 2005; 171(4): 1885 - 1894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lopez-Sanchez, J. C. Costas, and H. F. Naveira Paleogenomic Record of the Extinction of Human Endogenous Retrovirus ERV9 J. Virol., June 1, 2005; 79(11): 6997 - 7004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Hughes and J. M. Coffin Human endogenous retrovirus K solo-LTR formation and insertional polymorphisms: Implications for human and viral evolution PNAS, February 10, 2004; 101(6): 1668 - 1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Yu, M. I. Jensen-Seaman, L. Chemnick, J. R. Kidd, A. S. Deinard, O. Ryder, K. K. Kidd, and W.-H. Li Low Nucleotide Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos Genetics, August 1, 2003; 164(4): 1511 - 1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kitano, C. Schwarz, B. Nickel, and S. Paabo Gene Diversity Patterns at 10 X-Chromosomal Loci in Humans and Chimpanzees Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2003; 20(8): 1281 - 1289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sato, Y. Satta, F. Figueroa, W. E. Mayer, Z. Zaleska-Rutczynska, S. Toyosawa, J. Travis, and J. Klein Persistence of Mhc Heterozygosity in Homozygous Clonal Killifish, Rivulus marmoratus: Implications for the Origin of Hermaphroditism Genetics, December 1, 2002; 162(4): 1791 - 1803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhang, D. M. Webb, and O. Podlaha Accelerated Protein Evolution and Origins of Human-Specific Features: FOXP2 as an Example Genetics, December 1, 2002; 162(4): 1825 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Yu, Y.-X. Fu, and W.-H. Li DNA Polymorphism in a Worldwide Sample of Human X Chromosomes Mol. Biol. Evol., December 1, 2002; 19(12): 2131 - 2141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. O'hUigin, Y. Satta, N. Takahata, and J. Klein Contribution of Homoplasy and of Ancestral Polymorphism to the Evolution of Genes in Anthropoid Primates Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2002; 19(9): 1501 - 1513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Stone, R. C. Griffiths, S. L. Zegura, and M. F. Hammer High levels of Y-chromosome nucleotide diversity in the genus Pan PNAS, December 21, 2001; (2001) 12364999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.B. Jorde, W.S. Watkins, and M.J. Bamshad Population genomics: a bridge from evolutionary history to genetic medicine Hum. Mol. Genet., October 1, 2001; 10(20): 2199 - 2207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D. Makova, M. Ramsay, T. Jenkins, and W.-H. Li Human DNA Sequence Variation in a 6.6-kb Region Containing the Melanocortin 1 Receptor Promoter Genetics, July 1, 2001; 158(3): 1253 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Takahata, S.-H. Lee, and Y. Satta Testing Multiregionality of Modern Human Origins Mol. Biol. Evol., February 1, 2001; 18(2): 172 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Yu, Z. Zhao, Y.-X. Fu, N. Sambuughin, M. Ramsay, T. Jenkins, E. Leskinen, L. Patthy, L. B. Jorde, T. Kuromori, et al. Global Patterns of Human DNA Sequence Variation in a 10-kb Region on Chromosome 1 Mol. Biol. Evol., February 1, 2001; 18(2): 214 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Alonso and J. A. L. Armour A highly variable segment of human subterminal 16p reveals a history of population growth for modern humans outside Africa PNAS, December 14, 2000; (2000) 11244998. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Zhao, L. Jin, Y.-X. Fu, M. Ramsay, T. Jenkins, E. Leskinen, P. Pamilo, M. Trexler, L. Patthy, L. B. Jorde, et al. Worldwide DNA sequence variation in a 10-kb noncoding region on human chromosome 22 PNAS, September 22, 2000; (2000) 200348197. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Weinreich and D. M. Rand Contrasting Patterns of Nonneutral Evolution in Proteins Encoded in Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes Genetics, September 1, 2000; 156(1): 385 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. F. Duda Jr and S. R. Palumbi Evolutionary Diversification of Multigene Families: Allelic Selection of Toxins in Predatory Cone Snails Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2000; 17(9): 1286 - 1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hawks, K. Hunley, S.-H. Lee, and M. Wolpoff Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution Mol. Biol. Evol., January 1, 2000; 17(1): 2 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Huttley, M. W. Smith, M. Carrington, and S. J. O'Brien A Scan for Linkage Disequilibrium Across the Human Genome Genetics, August 1, 1999; 152(4): 1711 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Jaruzelska, E. Zietkiewicz, M. Batzer, D. E. C. Cole, J.-P. Moisan, R. Scozzari, S. Tavaré, and D. Labuda Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Neutral Polymorphisms in the Last ZFX Intron: Analysis of the Haplotype Structure and Genealogy Genetics, July 1, 1999; 152(3): 1091 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. Slade, C. Moritz, A. R. Hoelzel, and H. R. Burton Molecular Population Genetics of the Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonina Genetics, August 1, 1998; 149(4): 1945 - 1957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Harpending, M. A. Batzer, M. Gurven, L. B. Jorde, A. R. Rogers, and S. T. Sherry Genetic traces of ancient demography PNAS, February 17, 1998; 95(4): 1961 - 1967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Departure from Neutrality at the Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 Gene in Humans, but Not in Chimpanzees Genetics, January 1, 1998; 148(1): 409 - 422.
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Avise and K. Wollenberg Phylogenetics and the origin of species PNAS, July 22, 1997; 94(15): 7748 - 7755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Barbujani, A. Magagni, E. Minch, and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza An apportionment of human DNA diversity PNAS, April 29, 1997; 94(9): 4516 - 4519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Takahata and Y. Satta Evolution of the primate lineage leading to modern humans: Phylogenetic and demographic inferences from DNA sequences PNAS, April 29, 1997; 94(9): 4811 - 4815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Alonso and J. A. L. Armour A highly variable segment of human subterminal 16p reveals a history of population growth for modern humans outside Africa PNAS, January 30, 2001; 98(3): 864 - 869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Stone, R. C. Griffiths, S. L. Zegura, and M. F. Hammer High levels of Y-chromosome nucleotide diversity in the genus Pan PNAS, January 8, 2002; 99(1): 43 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Zhao, L. Jin, Y.-X. Fu, M. Ramsay, T. Jenkins, E. Leskinen, P. Pamilo, M. Trexler, L. Patthy, L. B. Jorde, et al. Worldwide DNA sequence variation in a 10-kilobase noncoding region on human chromosome 22 PNAS, October 10, 2000; 97(21): 11354 - 11358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|