Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1792-1796 (2002)
© 2002 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
The Origin of Multiple Sex Chromosomes in Tiger Beetles


*Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Spain;
Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London;
Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, U.K
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
In most holometabolous insects, sex determination involves differentiated sex chromosomes of the XY type (ZW, with heterogametic females in Lepidoptera). In Coleoptera (beetles) a general karyotype with meioformula 2n = 9 + XY is prevalent in the approximately 3,000 species studied to date (Smith and Virkki 1978
; Petitpierre 1996
), but the genetic system of Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) is unusually diverse, with many species exhibiting multiple sex chromosomes, XnY, where n varies between 2 and 4. During meiosis these heterosomes form a characteristic rosette-like multivalent linked by telomeric connections without forming chiasmata between the various X chromosomes (Giers 1977
). The multiple sex chromosome system is widespread in cicindelids and is found in both the recognized subfamilies, including the Cicindelinae with a multiple system, which has been described for 55 species mostly in the species rich genus Cicindela (sensu lato), and the Collyrinae with three representatives studied
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