Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 6, 355-368, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
BG Milligan, JN Hampton and JD Palmer
The plastid genome from subclover, Trifolium subterraneum, is unusual in a
variety of respects, compared with other land-plant chloroplast DNAs. Gene
mapping of subclover chloroplast DNA reveals major structural
reorganization of the genome. Ten clusters of genes are rearranged in both
order and orientation. Eight large inversions are sufficient to explain
this reorganization; however, the actual evolutionary changes may have been
more complex. For example, a fine- scale analysis of a set of ribosomal
protein genes reveals the occurrence of insertions, deletions, and
transpositions. Associated with this unusually unstable genome are two
structural features potentially involved in the rearrangements. A dispersed
family of repeats, with each element about 1 kb in length, is present in at
least six copies. A survey of a wide taxonomic range of species indicates
that these elements are unique to the chloroplast DNAs of subclover and two
closely related species. Several of the repeated elements are associated
with genomic rearrangements, and one repeat is inserted within a normally
highly conserved series of genes. This set of dispersed repeats may be the
first family of transposable elements found in any organelle genome. In
addition, the subclover genome is much larger than those in other closely
related legumes, even when one takes into account the presence of the
repeated elements. Some of the extra DNA has no sequence similarity to
other chloroplast genomes and may represent insertion of DNA from another
genome. These unusual features are not found in the structurally stable
chloroplast genomes of other vascular plants and may, therefore, be
implicated in the rapid and major reorganization of the chloroplast DNA in
subclover.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Dispersed repeats and structural reorganization in subclover chloroplast DNA
Department of Biology, University of Michigan.
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