Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 4, 406-425, Copyright © 1987 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
N Saitou and M Nei
A new method called the neighbor-joining method is proposed for
reconstructing phylogenetic trees from evolutionary distance data. The
principle of this method is to find pairs of operational taxonomic units
(OTUs [= neighbors]) that minimize the total branch length at each stage of
clustering of OTUs starting with a starlike tree. The branch lengths as
well as the topology of a parsimonious tree can quickly be obtained by
using this method. Using computer simulation, we studied the efficiency of
this method in obtaining the correct unrooted tree in comparison with that
of five other tree-making methods: the unweighted pair group method of
analysis, Farris's method, Sattath and Tversky's method, Li's method, and
Tateno et al.'s modified Farris method. The new, neighbor-joining method
and Sattath and Tversky's method are shown to be generally better than the
other methods.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees
Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225.
![]()
CiteULike
Connotea
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
T. Griebel, M. Brinkmeyer, and S. Bocker EPoS: a modular software framework for phylogenetic analysis Bioinformatics, October 15, 2008; 24(20): 2399 - 2400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Wolf, B. Ruderisch, T. Dandekar, J. Schultz, and T. Muller ProfDistS: (profile-) distance based phylogeny on sequence--structure alignments Bioinformatics, October 15, 2008; 24(20): 2401 - 2402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Duponchelle, E. Paradis, A. J. Ribbink, and G. F. Turner Parallel life history evolution in mouthbrooding cichlids from the African Great Lakes PNAS, October 7, 2008; 105(40): 15475 - 15480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. G. Corney, A. T. Slack, M. L. Symonds, M. F. Dohnt, C. S. McClintock, M. R. McGowan, and L. D. Smythe Leptospira weilii serovar Topaz, a new member of the Tarassovi serogroup isolated from a bovine source in Queensland, Australia Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2249 - 2252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Hosoya, M. Yasumoto-Hirose, K. Adachi, A. Katsuta, and H. Kasai Psychromonas heitensis sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from seawater in Japan Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2253 - 2257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Alain, L. Intertaglia, P. Catala, and P. Lebaron Eudoraea adriatica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2275 - 2281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Krishnamurthi and T. Chakrabarti Proposal for transfer of Pelagibacillus goriensis Kim et al. 2007 to the genus Terribacillus as Terribacillus goriensis comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2287 - 2291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. D. Lee Agrococcus jejuensis sp. nov., isolated from dried seaweed Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2297 - 2300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y.-H. Chang, M. Y. Jung, I.-S. Park, and H.-M. Oh Sporolactobacillus vineae sp. nov., a spore-forming lactic acid bacterium isolated from vineyard soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2316 - 2320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Tamura, Y. Ishida, M. Otoguro, K. Hatano, and K.-i. Suzuki Reclassification of Streptomyces flavidofuscus as a synonym of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. dassonvillei Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2321 - 2323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Urios, V. Michotey, L. Intertaglia, F. Lesongeur, and P. Lebaron Nisaea denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Nisaea nitritireducens sp. nov., two novel members of the class Alphaproteobacteria from the Mediterranean Sea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2336 - 2341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Lee, L. N. Ten, H.-W. Lee, H. W. Oh, W.-T. Im, and S.-T. Lee Sphingopyxis ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field in South Korea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2342 - 2347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W.-T. Im, H.-M. Jung, L. N. Ten, M. K. Kim, N. Bora, M. Goodfellow, S. Lim, J. Jung, and S.-T. Lee Deinococcus aquaticus sp. nov., isolated from fresh water, and Deinococcus caeni sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2348 - 2353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Kharroub, C. Lizama, M. Aguilera, A. Boulahrouf, V. Campos, A. Ramos-Cormenzana, and M. Monteoliva-Sanchez Halomicrobium katesii sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2354 - 2358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Tapingkae, S. Tanasupawat, T. Itoh, K. L. Parkin, S. Benjakul, W. Visessanguan, and R. Valyasevi Natrinema gari sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from fish sauce in Thailand Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2378 - 2383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M.-C. Lin, J.-H. Chou, A. B. Arun, C.-C. Young, and W.-M. Chen Pseudogulbenkiania subflava gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a cold spring Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2384 - 2388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. K. Kim, Y.-J. Kim, H.-B. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, T.-H. Yi, and D.-C. Yang Curtobacterium ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2393 - 2397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Bang, T. Herlin, M. Stegger, A. B. Andersen, P. Torkko, E. Tortoli, and V. O. Thomsen Mycobacterium arosiense sp. nov., a slowly growing, scotochromogenic species causing osteomyelitis in an immunocompromised child Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2398 - 2402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y.-G. Chen, X.-L. Cui, Y.-Q. Zhang, W.-J. Li, Y.-X. Wang, L.-H. Xu, Q. Peng, M.-L. Wen, and C.-L. Jiang Gracilibacillus halophilus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2403 - 2408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B.-S. Kim, Y. W. Lim, and J. Chun Sphingopyxis marina sp. nov. and Sphingopyxis litoris sp. nov., isolated from seawater Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2415 - 2419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Zhang, L. Sun, F. Qiu, R. J. C. McLean, R. Jiang, and W. Song Rheinheimera tangshanensis sp. nov., a rice root-associated bacterium Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2420 - 2424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. G. Dastager, J.-C. Lee, Y.-J. Ju, D.-J. Park, and C.-J. Kim Phycicoccus bigeumensis sp. nov., a mesophilic actinobacterium isolated from Bigeum Island, Korea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2425 - 2428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Kageyama, T. Haga, H. Kasai, Y. Shizuri, S. Omura, and Y. Takahashi Marihabitans asiaticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a meso-diaminopimelic acid-containing member of the family Intrasporangiaceae Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2429 - 2432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Takii, S. Hanada, Y. Hase, H. Tamaki, Y. Uyeno, Y. Sekiguchi, and K. Matsuura Desulfovibrio marinisediminis sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from coastal marine sediment via enrichment with Casamino acids Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2433 - 2438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Duangmal, A. Thamchaipenet, I. Ara, A. Matsumoto, and Y. Takahashi Kineococcus gynurae sp. nov., isolated from a Thai medicinal plant Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2439 - 2442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y.-X. Wang, Y.-Q. Zhang, L.-H. Xu, and W.-J. Li Actinopolymorpha rutila sp. nov., isolated from a forest soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2443 - 2446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. J. Lambert and R. S. Lanciotti Molecular characterization of medically important viruses of the genus Orthobunyavirus J. Gen. Virol., October 1, 2008; 89(10): 2580 - 2585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. R. Sevastsyanovich, R. Krasowiak, L. E. H. Bingle, A. S. Haines, S. L. Sokolov, I. A. Kosheleva, A. A. Leuchuk, M. A. Titok, K. Smalla, and C. M. Thomas Diversity of IncP-9 plasmids of Pseudomonas Microbiology, October 1, 2008; 154(10): 2929 - 2941. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. Xu, X. Fan, Y. Xu, and A. M. Di Bisceglie Comparative Analysis of Nearly Full-Length Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies from Patients Experiencing Viral Breakthrough during Antiviral Therapy: Clustered Mutations in Three Functional Genes, E2, NS2, and NS5a J. Virol., October 1, 2008; 82(19): 9417 - 9424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. M. Kim, S. Sung, G. Caetano-Anolles, J. Y. Han, and H. Kim An approach of orthology detection from homologous sequences under minimum evolution Nucleic Acids Res., October 1, 2008; 36(17): e110 - e110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Godoy-Vitorino, R. E. Ley, Z. Gao, Z. Pei, H. Ortiz-Zuazaga, L. R. Pericchi, M. A. Garcia-Amado, F. Michelangeli, M. J. Blaser, J. I. Gordon, et al. Bacterial Community in the Crop of the Hoatzin, a Neotropical Folivorous Flying Bird Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 1, 2008; 74(19): 5905 - 5912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Aoki, H. Ishiko, T. Konno, Y. Shimada, A. Hayashi, H. Kaneko, T. Ohguchi, Y. Tagawa, S. Ohno, and S. Yamazaki Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis Due to the Novel Hexon-Chimeric-Intermediate 22,37/H8 Human Adenovirus J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 2008; 46(10): 3259 - 3269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Ukena, E. Iwakoshi-Ukena, and A. Hikosaka Unique Form and Osmoregulatory Function of a Neurohypophysial Hormone in a Urochordate Endocrinology, October 1, 2008; 149(10): 5254 - 5261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. H. Wheeler, D. Abramczyk, L. S. Puckhaber, M. Naruse, Y. Ebizuka, I. Fujii, and P. J. Szaniszlo New Biosynthetic Step in the Melanin Pathway of Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis: Evidence for 2-Acetyl-1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene as a Novel Precursor Eukaryot. Cell, October 1, 2008; 7(10): 1699 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Daiyasu, H. Saino, H. Tomoto, M. Mizutani, K. Sakata, and H. Toh Computational and Experimental Analyses of Furcatin Hydrolase for Substrate Specificity Studies of Disaccharide-specific Glycosidases J. Biochem., October 1, 2008; 144(4): 467 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. A. Vicente, M. I. Carolino, M. C. O. Sousa, C. Ginja, F. S. Silva, A. M. Martinez, J. L. Vega-Pla, N. Carolino, and L. T. Gama Genetic diversity in native and commercial breeds of pigs in Portugal assessed by microsatellites J Anim Sci, October 1, 2008; 86(10): 2496 - 2507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. L. Hughes, R. Friedman, P. Rivailler, and J. O. French Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms versus Divergences in Bacterial Genomes Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2008; 25(10): 2199 - 2209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Hayakawa, R. Culleton, H. Otani, T. Horii, and K. Tanabe Big Bang in the Evolution of Extant Malaria Parasites Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2008; 25(10): 2233 - 2239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Hanada, C. Zou, M. D. Lehti-Shiu, K. Shinozaki, and S.-H. Shiu Importance of Lineage-Specific Expansion of Plant Tandem Duplicates in the Adaptive Response to Environmental Stimuli Plant Physiology, October 1, 2008; 148(2): 993 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. R. Islam, S. Aikawa, T. Midorikawa, Y. Kashino, K. Satoh, and H. Koike slr1923 of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Is Essential for Conversion of 3,8-Divinyl(proto)chlorophyll(ide) to 3-Monovinyl(proto)chlorophyll(ide) Plant Physiology, October 1, 2008; 148(2): 1068 - 1081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. A. Lozupone, M. Hamady, B. L. Cantarel, P. M. Coutinho, B. Henrissat, J. I. Gordon, and R. Knight The convergence of carbohydrate active gene repertoires in human gut microbes PNAS, September 30, 2008; 105(39): 15076 - 15081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Ikeda, L. E. E. Rallos, T. Okubo, S. Eda, S. Inaba, H. Mitsui, and K. Minamisawa Microbial Community Analysis of Field-Grown Soybeans with Different Nodulation Phenotypes Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 15, 2008; 74(18): 5704 - 5709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Simko Development of EST-SSR Markers for the Study of Population Structure in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) J. Hered., September 15, 2008; (2008) esn072v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Matsumoto, T. Kamata, J. Takagi, K. Iwasaki, and K. Yura Key Interactions in Integrin Ectodomain Responsible for Global Conformational Change Detected by Elastic Network Normal-Mode Analysis Biophys. J., September 15, 2008; 95(6): 2895 - 2908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Combinatorics of least-squares trees PNAS, September 9, 2008; 105(36): 13206 - 13211. |
||||
![]() |
S. M. Geib, T. R. Filley, P. G. Hatcher, K. Hoover, J. E. Carlson, M. d. M. Jimenez-Gasco, A. Nakagawa-Izumi, R. L. Sleighter, and M. Tien Lignin degradation in wood-feeding insects PNAS, September 2, 2008; 105(35): 12932 - 12937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Lang, J. Swiderski, E. Stackebrandt, P. Schumann, C. Sproer, and N. Sahin Description of Ancylobacter oerskovii sp. nov. and two additional strains of Ancylobacter polymorphus Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 1997 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. K. Kim, M.-J. Park, W.-T. Im, and D.-C. Yang Aeromicrobium ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from a ginseng field Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2025 - 2030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. C. Gutierrez, A. M. Castillo, E. Pagaling, S. Heaphy, M. Kamekura, Y. Xue, Y. Ma, D. A. Cowan, B. E. Jones, W. D. Grant, et al. Halorubrum kocurii sp. nov., an archaeon isolated from a saline lake Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2031 - 2035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.-K. Tang, Y. Wang, M. Cai, K. Lou, P.-H. Mao, X. Jin, C.-L. Jiang, L.-H. Xu, and W.-J. Li Microbulbifer halophilus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from north-west China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2036 - 2040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. D. Moon, D. M. Pacheco, W. J. Kelly, S. C. Leahy, D. Li, J. Kopecny, and G. T. Attwood Reclassification of Clostridium proteoclasticum as Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus comb. nov., a butyrate-producing ruminal bacterium Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2041 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Urai, T. Aizawa, Y. Nakagawa, M. Nakajima, and M. Sunairi Mucilaginibacter kameinonensis sp., nov., isolated from garden soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2046 - 2050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J.-H. Chou, N.-T. Cho, A. B. Arun, C.-C. Young, and W.-M. Chen Luteimonas aquatica sp. nov., isolated from fresh water from Southern Taiwan Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2051 - 2055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. M. Kim, D. H. Choi, C. Y. Hwang, and B. C. Cho Nocardioides salarius sp. nov., isolated from seawater enriched with zooplankton Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2056 - 2064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Wang, S.-K. Tang, K. Lou, P.-H. Mao, X. Jin, C.-L. Jiang, L.-H. Xu, and W.-J. Li Halomonas lutea sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2065 - 2069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y.-Q. Zhang, L.-Y. Yu, D. Wang, H.-Y. Liu, C.-H. Sun, W. Jiang, Y.-Q. Zhang, and W.-J. Li Roseomonas vinacea sp. nov., a Gram-negative coccobacillus isolated from a soil sample Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2070 - 2074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.-K. Tang, X.-P. Tian, X.-Y. Zhi, M. Cai, J.-Y. Wu, L.-L. Yang, L.-H. Xu, and W.-J. Li Haloactinospora alba gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic filamentous actinomycete of the family Nocardiopsaceae Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2075 - 2080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Wang, M. Yang, G. Zhou, X. Luo, L. Zhang, Y. Tang, and C. Fang Paenibacillus tarimensis sp. nov., isolated from sand in Xinjiang, China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2081 - 2085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Qin, Y.-Y. Su, Y.-Q. Zhang, H.-B. Wang, C.-L. Jiang, L.-H. Xu, and W.-J. Li Pseudonocardia ailaonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil in China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2086 - 2089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
















