Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 3, 418-426, Copyright © 1986 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
M Nei and T Gojobori
Two simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and
nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions are presented. Although they give no
weights to different types of codon substitutions, these methods give
essentially the same results as those obtained by Miyata and Yasunaga's and
by Li et al.'s methods. Computer simulation indicates that estimates of
synonymous substitutions obtained by the two methods are quite accurate
unless the number of nucleotide substitutions per site is very large. It is
shown that all available methods tend to give an underestimate of the
number of nonsynonymous substitutions when the number is large.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions
Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, University of Texas at Houston 77225.
![]()
CiteULike
Connotea
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
P. Konczy, K. Ziebell, M. Mascarenhas, A. Choi, C. Michaud, A. M. Kropinski, T. S. Whittam, M. Wickham, B. Finlay, and M. A. Karmali Genomic O Island 122, Locus for Enterocyte Effacement, and the Evolution of Virulent Verocytotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol., September 1, 2008; 190(17): 5832 - 5840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Hosomichi, M. M. Miller, R. M. Goto, Y. Wang, S. Suzuki, J. K. Kulski, M. Nishibori, H. Inoko, K. Hanzawa, and T. Shiina Contribution of Mutation, Recombination, and Gene Conversion to Chicken Mhc-B Haplotype Diversity J. Immunol., September 1, 2008; 181(5): 3393 - 3399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. L. Kosakovsky Pond, A. F.Y. Poon, A. J. Leigh Brown, and S. D.W. Frost A Maximum Likelihood Method for Detecting Directional Evolution in Protein Sequences and Its Application to Influenza A Virus Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2008; 25(9): 1809 - 1824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. R. Haddrill, D. Bachtrog, and P. Andolfatto Positive and Negative Selection on Noncoding DNA in Drosophila simulans Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2008; 25(9): 1825 - 1834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Toft and M. A. Fares The Evolution of the Flagellar Assembly Pathway in Endosymbiotic Bacterial Genomes Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2008; 25(9): 2069 - 2076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. Irausquin and A. L. Hughes Distinctive pattern of sequence polymorphism in the NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus type 1b reflects conflicting evolutionary pressures J. Gen. Virol., August 1, 2008; 89(8): 1921 - 1929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Nobrega, M. Khadem, M. Aguade, and C. Segarra Genetic Exchange versus Genetic Differentiation in a Medium-Sized Inversion of Drosophila: The A2/Ast Arrangements of Drosophila subobscura Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2008; 25(8): 1534 - 1543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Ferguson, S. Dvora, J. Gallo, A. Orth, and S. Boissinot Long-Term Balancing Selection at the West Nile Virus Resistance Gene, Oas1b, Maintains Transspecific Polymorphisms in the House Mouse Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2008; 25(8): 1609 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M. Derenko, M. Perkova, T. Vanecek, J. Lazur, P. Gomolcak, and I. Tsybovsky Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2008; 25(8): 1651 - 1658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. Little, S. D. W. Frost, J. K. Wong, D. M. Smith, S. L. K. Pond, C. C. Ignacio, N. T. Parkin, C. J. Petropoulos, and D. D. Richman Persistence of Transmitted Drug Resistance among Subjects with Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection J. Virol., June 1, 2008; 82(11): 5510 - 5518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. J. Maness, L. J. Yant, C. Chung, J. T. Loffredo, T. C. Friedrich, S. M. Piaskowski, J. Furlott, G. E. May, T. Soma, E. J. Leon, et al. Comprehensive Immunological Evaluation Reveals Surprisingly Few Differences between Elite Controller and Progressor Mamu-B*17-Positive Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques J. Virol., June 1, 2008; 82(11): 5245 - 5254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Kryazhimskiy, G. A. Bazykin, and J. Dushoff Natural Selection for Nucleotide Usage at Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Sites in Influenza A Virus Genes J. Virol., May 15, 2008; 82(10): 4938 - 4945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Quan, M. van Vuuren, P. G. Howell, D. Groenewald, and A. J. Guthrie Molecular epidemiology of the African horse sickness virus S10 gene J. Gen. Virol., May 1, 2008; 89(5): 1159 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. N. Otoo, K. G. Lee, W. Qiu, and P. N. Lipke Candida albicans Als Adhesins Have Conserved Amyloid-Forming Sequences Eukaryot. Cell, May 1, 2008; 7(5): 776 - 782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Y. Turenne, D. M. Collins, D. C. Alexander, and M. A. Behr Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium Are Independently Evolved Pathogenic Clones of a Much Broader Group of M. avium Organisms J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2008; 190(7): 2479 - 2487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Bullaughey, M. Przeworski, and G. Coop No effect of recombination on the efficacy of natural selection in primates Genome Res., April 1, 2008; 18(4): 544 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. G. Bakker, M. B. Traw, C. Toomajian, M. Kreitman, and J. Bergelson Low Levels of Polymorphism in Genes That Control the Activation of Defense Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Genetics, April 1, 2008; 178(4): 2031 - 2043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Demaneche, H. Sanguin, J. Pote, E. Navarro, D. Bernillon, P. Mavingui, W. Wildi, T. M. Vogel, and P. Simonet Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria in transgenic plant fields PNAS, March 11, 2008; 105(10): 3957 - 3962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. T. Edwards, N. K. Fry, and T. G. Harrison Clonal population structure of Legionella pneumophila inferred from allelic profiling Microbiology, March 1, 2008; 154(3): 852 - 864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. K. Basu, L. Carmel, I. B. Rogozin, and E. V. Koonin Evolution of protein domain promiscuity in eukaryotes Genome Res., March 1, 2008; 18(3): 449 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Houzelstein, I. R. Goncalves, A. Orth, F. Bonhomme, and P. Netter Lgals6, a 2-Million-Year-Old Gene in Mice: A Case of Positive Darwinian Selection and Presence/Absence Polymorphism Genetics, March 1, 2008; 178(3): 1533 - 1545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. L. Kim and Y. Satta Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans Genetics, March 1, 2008; 178(3): 1505 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Hoffmann, J. Seebach, A. Cosma, F. D. Goebel, K. Strimmer, H. M. Schatzl, and V. Erfle Therapeutic vaccination reduces HIV sequence variability FASEB J, February 1, 2008; 22(2): 437 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. G. Kollner, M. Held, C. Lenk, I. Hiltpold, T. C.J. Turlings, J. Gershenzon, and J. Degenhardt A Maize (E)-{beta}-Caryophyllene Synthase Implicated in Indirect Defense Responses against Herbivores Is Not Expressed in Most American Maize Varieties PLANT CELL, February 1, 2008; 20(2): 482 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Matsuya, R. Sakate, Y. Kawahara, K. O. Koyanagi, Y. Sato, Y. Fujii, C. Yamasaki, T. Habara, H. Nakaoka, F. Todokoro, et al. Evola: Ortholog database of all human genes in H-InvDB with manual curation of phylogenetic trees Nucleic Acids Res., January 11, 2008; 36(suppl_1): D787 - D792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Ding, Y. Sun, H. Li, Z. Wang, H. Fan, C. Wang, D. Yang, and Y. Li EPGD: a comprehensive web resource for integrating and displaying eukaryotic paralog/paralogon information Nucleic Acids Res., January 11, 2008; 36(suppl_1): D255 - D262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Guo, W. Zheng, X. Rong, and Y. Huang A multilocus phylogeny of the Streptomyces griseus 16S rRNA gene clade: use of multilocus sequence analysis for streptomycete systematics Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2008; 58(1): 149 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Enersen, I. Olsen, O. Kvalheim, and D. A. Caugant fimA Genotypes and Multilocus Sequence Types of Porphyromonas gingivalis from Patients with Periodontitis J. Clin. Microbiol., January 1, 2008; 46(1): 31 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Nigenda-Morales, S. Flores-Ramirez, J. Urban-R., and R. Vazquez-Juarez MHC DQB-1 Polymorphism in the Gulf of California Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Population J. Hered., January 1, 2008; 99(1): 14 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. R. Thomson, M. T.G. Holden, C. Carder, N. Lennard, S. J. Lockey, P. Marsh, P. Skipp, C. D. O'Connor, I. Goodhead, H. Norbertzcak, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis: Genome sequence analysis of lymphogranuloma venereum isolates Genome Res., January 1, 2008; 18(1): 161 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Salse, S. Bolot, M. Throude, V. Jouffe, B. Piegu, U. M. Quraishi, T. Calcagno, R. Cooke, M. Delseny, and C. Feuillet Identification and Characterization of Shared Duplications between Rice and Wheat Provide New Insight into Grass Genome Evolution PLANT CELL, January 1, 2008; 20(1): 11 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. K. Basu, I. B. Rogozin, O. Deusch, T. Dagan, W. Martin, and E. V. Koonin Evolutionary Dynamics of Introns in Plastid-Derived Genes in Plants: Saturation Nearly Reached but Slow Intron Gain Continues Mol. Biol. Evol., January 1, 2008; 25(1): 111 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Andolfatto Hitchhiking effects of recurrent beneficial amino acid substitutions in the Drosophila melanogaster genome Genome Res., December 1, 2007; 17(12): 1755 - 1762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. K. Biedler, H. Shao, and Z. Tu Evolution and Horizontal Transfer of a DD37E DNA Transposon in Mosquitoes Genetics, December 1, 2007; 177(4): 2553 - 2558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. C. Miller, M. Andrews-Cookson, and C. H. Daugherty Two Patterns of Variation among MHC Class I Loci in Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) J. Hered., November 21, 2007; (2007) esm095v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. W. Rademaker, H. Herbet, M. J. C. Starrenburg, S. M. Naser, D. Gevers, W. J. Kelly, J. Hugenholtz, J. Swings, and J. E. T. van Hylckama Vlieg Diversity Analysis of Dairy and Nondairy Lactococcus lactis Isolates, Using a Novel Multilocus Sequence Analysis Scheme and (GTG)5-PCR Fingerprinting Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 15, 2007; 73(22): 7128 - 7137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Wang, H. Tang, J. E. Bowers, F. A. Feltus, and A. H. Paterson Extensive Concerted Evolution of Rice Paralogs and the Road to Regaining Independence Genetics, November 1, 2007; 177(3): 1753 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. T. Levine, A. K. Holloway, U. Arshad, and D. J. Begun Pervasive and Largely Lineage-Specific Adaptive Protein Evolution in the Dosage Compensation Complex of Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, November 1, 2007; 177(3): 1959 - 1962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. J. Maness, L. E. Valentine, G. E. May, J. Reed, S. M. Piaskowski, T. Soma, J. Furlott, E. G. Rakasz, T. C. Friedrich, D. A. Price, et al. AIDS virus specific CD8+ T lymphocytes against an immunodominant cryptic epitope select for viral escape J. Exp. Med., October 29, 2007; 204(11): 2505 - 2512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Carrillo, Z. Lu, M. V. Borca, A. Vagnozzi, G. F. Kutish, and D. L. Rock Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus during Serial Passages in a Natural Host J. Virol., October 15, 2007; 81(20): 11341 - 11351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. P. Tourova, E. M. Spiridonova, I. A. Berg, N. V. Slobodova, E. S. Boulygina, and D. Yu. Sorokin Phylogeny and evolution of the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae based on comparison of 16S rRNA, cbbL and nifH gene sequences Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2007; 57(10): 2387 - 2398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Ingman and U. Gyllensten Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans Hum. Mol. Genet., October 1, 2007; 16(19): 2281 - 2287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. R. Saraiva and S. I. Korsching A novel olfactory receptor gene family in teleost fish Genome Res., October 1, 2007; 17(10): 1448 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. T. Gerrard and A. Meyer Positive Selection and Gene Conversion in SPP120, a Fertilization-Related Gene, during the East African Cichlid Fish Radiation Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2007; 24(10): 2286 - 2297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. K. Bag, S. Paul, S. Ghosh, and C. Dutta Reverse Polarization in Amino acid and Nucleotide Substitution Patterns Between Human Mouse Orthologs of Two Compositional Extrema DNA Res, September 25, 2007; (2007) dsm015v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Kuwata, R. Byrum, S. Whitted, R. Goeken, A. Buckler-White, R. Plishka, R. Iyengar, and V. M. Hirsch A Rapid Progressor-Specific Variant Clone of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates Efficiently In Vivo Only in the Absence of Immune Reponses J. Virol., September 1, 2007; 81(17): 8891 - 8904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. L. V. Cohen, J. D. Oliver, A. DePaola, E. J. Feil, and E. Fidelma Boyd Emergence of a Virulent Clade of Vibrio vulnificus and Correlation with the Presence of a 33-Kilobase Genomic Island Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 1, 2007; 73(17): 5553 - 5565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Ogata and J.-M. Claverie Unique genes in giant viruses: Regular substitution pattern and anomalously short size Genome Res., September 1, 2007; 17(9): 1353 - 1361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. L. Clark, G. D. Findlay, X. Yi, M. J. MacCoss, and W. J. Swanson Duplication and Selection on Abalone Sperm Lysin in an Allopatric Population Mol. Biol. Evol., September 1, 2007; 24(9): 2081 - 2090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Radhakrishnan, M. A. Fares, F. S. French, and S. H. Hall Comparative genomic analysis of a mammalian {beta}-defensin gene cluster Physiol Genomics, August 20, 2007; 30(3): 213 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J.-M. Escobar-Restrepo, N. Huck, S. Kessler, V. Gagliardini, J. Gheyselinck, W.-C. Yang, and U. Grossniklaus The FERONIA Receptor-like Kinase Mediates Male-Female Interactions During Pollen Tube Reception Science, August 3, 2007; 317(5838): 656 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. V. Babushok, K. Ohshima, E. M. Ostertag, X. Chen, Y. Wang, P. K. Mandal, N. Okada, C. S. Abrams, and H. H. Kazazian Jr. A novel testis ubiquitin-binding protein gene arose by exon shuffling in hominoids Genome Res., August 1, 2007; 17(8): 1129 - 1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Maside and B. Charlesworth Patterns of Molecular Variation and Evolution in Drosophila americana and Its Relatives Genetics, August 1, 2007; 176(4): 2293 - 2305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Kamau, B. Charlesworth, and D. Charlesworth Linkage Disequilibrium and Recombination Rate Estimates in the Self-Incompatibility Region of Arabidopsis lyrata Genetics, August 1, 2007; 176(4): 2357 - 2369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Win, W. Morgan, J. Bos, K. V. Krasileva, L. M. Cano, A. Chaparro-Garcia, R. Ammar, B. J. Staskawicz, and S. Kamoun Adaptive Evolution Has Targeted the C-Terminal Domain of the RXLR Effectors of Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes PLANT CELL, August 1, 2007; 19(8): 2349 - 2369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. Yang PAML 4: Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2007; 24(8): 1586 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. M. Barr, S. R. Keller, P. K. Ingvarsson, D. B. Sloan, and D. R. Taylor Variation in Mutation Rate and Polymorphism Among Mitochondrial Genes of Silene vulgaris Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2007; 24(8): 1783 - 1791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Wei, J. H. McCusker, R. W. Hyman, T. Jones, Y. Ning, Z. Cao, Z. Gu, D. Bruno, M. Miranda, M. Nguyen, et al. Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YJM789 PNAS, July 31, 2007; 104(31): 12825 - 12830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Matsuba, J. U. Palo, S. L. Kuzmin, and J. Merila Evidence for Multiple Retroposition Events and Gene Evolution in the ADP/ATP Translocase Gene Family in Ranid Frogs J. Hered., July 19, 2007; (2007) esm038v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Tarraga, I. Medina, L. Arbiza, J. Huerta-Cepas, T. Gabaldon, J. Dopazo, and H. Dopazo Phylemon: a suite of web tools for molecular evo |





















