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MBE Advance Access originally published online on August 10, 2009
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2009 26(11):2617-2626; doi:10.1093/molbev/msp180
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© 2009 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research Articles

Cross-Sectional Dating of Novel Haplotypes of HERV-K 113 and HERV-K 115 Indicate These Proviruses Originated in Africa before Homo sapiens

Aashish R. Jha*,{dagger}, Satish K. Pillai{ddagger}, Vanessa A. York*, Elizabeth R. Sharp*, Emily C. Storm*, Douglas J. Wachter*, Jeffrey N. Martin§, Steven G. Deeks§, Michael G. Rosenberg||, Douglas F. Nixon* and Keith E. Garrison*,¶

* Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco
{dagger} Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago
{ddagger} Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
§ HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
|| Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA

E-mail: nepaliaashish{at}gmail.com.

Accepted for publication August 4, 2009.

The human genome, human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), of which HERV-K113 and HERV-K115 are the only known full-length proviruses that are insertionally polymorphic. Although a handful of previously published papers have documented their prevalence in the global population; to date, there has been no report on their prevalence in the United States population. Here, we studied the geographic distribution of K113 and K115 among 156 HIV-1+ subjects from the United States, including African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians. In the individuals studied, we found higher insertion frequencies of K113 (21%) and K115 (35%) in African Americans compared with Caucasians (K113 9% and K115 6%) within the United States. We also report the presence of three single nucleotide polymorphism sites in the K113 5' long terminal repeats (LTRs) and four in the K115 5' LTR that together constituted four haplotypes for K113 and five haplotypes for K115. HERV insertion times can be estimated from the sequence differences between the 5' and 3' LTR of each insertion, but this dating method cannot be used with HERV-K115. We developed a method to estimate insertion times by applying coalescent inference to 5' LTR sequences within our study population and validated this approach using an independent estimate derived from the genetic distance between K113 5' and 3' LTR sequences. Using our method, we estimated the insertion dates of K113 and K115 to be a minimum of 800,000 and 1.1 million years ago, respectively. Both these insertion dates predate the emergence of anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

Key Words: insertion frequencies • haplotype • HERV-K113 and HERV-K115 • hervotype • human evolution • Homo erectus

Connie Mulligan, Associate Editor


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