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MBE Advance Access originally published online on December 16, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(3):683-690; doi:10.1093/molbev/msj078
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Research Article

The Dazzling Array of Basal Branches in the mtDNA Macrohaplogroup M from India as Inferred from Complete Genomes

Chang Sun*,{dagger},{ddagger},1, Qing-Peng Kong*,{dagger},{ddagger},1, Malliya gounder Palanichamy{dagger},1, Suraksha Agrawal§,1, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt||, Yong-Gang Yao*, Faisal Khan§, Chun-Ling Zhu*, Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri and Ya-Ping Zhang*,{dagger}

* Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; {dagger} Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; {ddagger} Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; § Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; || Department of Mathematics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Siliguri West Bengal, India

E-mail: zhangyp1{at}263.net.cn.

Many efforts based on complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes have been made to depict the global mtDNA landscape, but the phylogeny of Indian macrohaplogroup M has not yet been resolved in detail. To fill this lacuna, we took the same strategy as in our recent analysis of Indian mtDNA macrohaplogroup N and selected 56 mtDNAs from over 1,200 samples across India for complete sequencing, with the intention to cover all Indian autochthonous M lineages. As a result, the phylogenetic status of previously identified haplogroups based on control-region and/or partial coding-region information, such as M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M30, and M33, was solidified or redefined here. Moreover, seven novel basal M haplogroups (viz., M34–M40) were identified, and yet another five singular branches of the M phylogeny were discovered in the present study. The comparison of matrilineal components among India, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania at the deepest level yielded a star-like and nonoverlapping pattern, reflecting a rapid mode of modern human dispersal along the Asian coast after the initial "out-of-Africa" event.

Key Words: mitochondrial DNA • India • haplogroup M • complete sequence • phylogeny


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