MBE Advance Access originally published online on May 25, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005 22(9):1783-1792; doi:10.1093/molbev/msi174
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Research Article |
Two Chloroplast DNA Inversions Originated Simultaneously During the Early Evolution of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

* School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; and
Section of Integrative Biology and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas
E-mail: kimkj{at}korea.ac.kr.
The chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) inversion in the Asteraceae has been cited as a classic example of using genomic rearrangements for defining major lineages of plants. We further characterize cpDNA inversions in the Asteraceae using extensive sequence comparisons among 56 species, including representatives of all major clades of the family and related families. We determine the boundaries of the 22-kb (now known as 22.8 kb) inversion that defines a major split within the Asteraceae, and in the process, we characterize the second and a new, smaller 3.3-kb inversion that occurs at one end of the larger inversion. One end point of the smaller inversion is upstream of the trnE-UUC gene, and the other end point is located between the trnC-GCA and rpoB genes. Although a diverse sampling of Asteraceae experienced substantial length variation and base substitution during the long evolutionary history subsequent to the inversion events, the precise locations of the inversion end points are identified using comparative sequence alignments in the inversion regions. The phylogenetic distribution of two inversions is identical among the members of Asteraceae, suggesting that the inversion events likely occurred simultaneously or within a short time period shortly after the origin of the family. Estimates of divergence times based on ndhF and rbcL sequences suggest that two inversions originated during the late Eocene (3842 MYA). The divergence time estimates also suggest that the Asteraceae originated in the mid Eocene (4247 MYA).
Key Words: chloroplast DNA inversion nonparametric rate smoothing molecular clock Asteraceae
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