MBE Advance Access originally published online on April 27, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005 22(8):1686-1693; doi:10.1093/molbev/msi160
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Published by Oxford University Press 2005.
Host Switch Leads to Emergence of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Humans
* Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, GuangXi, P. R. China; Parasite Genomics Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland; || Parasitology Section, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW, Australia; ¶ Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; # School of Computational Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University; ** School of Information Technologies and SUBIT, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia; and Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
E-mail: djoy{at}niaid.nih.gov; xsu{at}niaid.nih.gov.
The geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread human malaria parasite, is controversial. Although genetic closeness to Asian primate malarias has been confirmed by phylogenetic analyses, genetic similarities between P. vivax and Plasmodium simium, a New World primate malaria, suggest that humans may have acquired P. vivax from New World monkeys or vice versa. Additionally, the near fixation of the Duffy-negative blood type (FY x Bnull/FY x Bnull) in West and Central Africa, consistent with directional selection, and the association of Duffy negativity with complete resistance to vivax malaria suggest a prolonged period of host-parasite coevolution in Africa. Here we use Bayesian and likelihood methods in conjunction with cophylogeny mapping to reconstruct the genetic and coevolutionary history of P. vivax from the complete mitochondrial genome of 176 isolates as well as several closely related Plasmodium species. Taken together, a haplotype network, parasite migration patterns, demographic history, and cophylogeny mapping support an Asian origin via a host switch from macaque monkeys.
Key Words: malaria • mitochondrial DNA • host switch • Plasmodium vivax • cophylogeny mapping
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