Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:2071-2083 (2002)
© 2002 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
The Evolutionary History of Kinetoplastids and Their Kinetoplasts
*Department of Biochemistry, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax;
Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Biology, University of South Bohemia, 
eské Bud
jovice, Czech Republic
Despite extensive phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) genes, the deep-level relationships among kinetoplastids remain poorly understood, limiting our grasp of their evolutionary history, especially the origins of their bizarre mitochondrial genome organizations. In this study we examine the SSUrRNA data in the light of a new marker—cytoplasmic heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) sequences. Our phylogenetic analyses divide kinetoplastids into four main clades. Clades 1–3 include the various bodonid kinetoplastids. Trypanosomatids comprise the fourth clade. SSUrRNA analyses give vastly different and poorly supported positions for the root of the kinetoplastid tree, depending on the out-group and analysis method. This is probably due to the extraordinary length of the branch between kinetoplastids and any out-group. In contrast, almost all hsp90 analyses place the root between clade 1 (including Dimastigella, Rhynchomonas, several Bodo spp., and probably Rhynchobodo) and all other kinetoplastids. Maximum likelihood and maximum likelihood distance analyses of hsp90 protein and second codon–position nucleotides place trypanosomatids adjacent to Bodo saltans and Bodo cf. uncinatus (clade 3), as (weakly) do SSUrRNA analyses. Hsp90 first codon– plus second codon–position nucleotide analyses return a slightly different topology. We show that this may be an artifact caused, in part, by the different evolutionary behavior of first- and second-codon positions. This study provides the most robust evidence to date that trypanosomatids are descended from within bodonids and that B. saltans is a close relative of trypanosomatids. A total reevaluation of the high-level systematics within kinetoplastids is needed. We confirm that the interlocking network organization of kinetoplast DNA seen in trypanosomatids is a derived condition within kinetoplastids but suggest that open-conformation minicircles may have arisen early in kinetoplastid evolution. Further understanding of the evolution of kinetoplast structure and RNA editing is hampered by a paucity of data from basal (i.e., clade 1) bodonids.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. C. Hines and D. S. Ray Structure of discontinuities in kinetoplast DNA-associated minicircles during S phase in Crithidia fasciculata Nucleic Acids Res., February 2, 2008; 36(2): 444 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Saveria, A. Halbach, R. Erdmann, R. Volkmer-Engert, C. Landgraf, H. Rottensteiner, and M. Parsons Conservation of PEX19-Binding Motifs Required for Protein Targeting to Mammalian Peroxisomal and Trypanosome Glycosomal Membranes Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2007; 6(8): 1439 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Svobodova, L. Zidkova, I. Cepicka, M. Obornik, J. Lukes, and J. Votypka Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, February 1, 2007; 57(2): 423 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Kim, A. G. B. Simpson, and L. E. Graham Evolutionary Relationships of Apusomonads Inferred from Taxon-Rich Analyses of 6 Nuclear Encoded Genes Mol. Biol. Evol., December 1, 2006; 23(12): 2455 - 2466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Behnke, J. Bunge, K. Barger, H.-W. Breiner, V. Alla, and T. Stoeck Microeukaryote Community Patterns along an O2/H2S Gradient in a Supersulfidic Anoxic Fjord (Framvaren, Norway). Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2006; 72(5): 3626 - 3636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. B. Simpson, Y. Inagaki, and A. J. Roger Comprehensive Multigene Phylogenies of Excavate Protists Reveal the Evolutionary Positions of "Primitive" Eukaryotes Mol. Biol. Evol., March 1, 2006; 23(3): 615 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. von der Heyden and T. Cavalier-Smith Culturing and environmental DNA sequencing uncover hidden kinetoplastid biodiversity and a major marine clade within ancestrally freshwater Neobodo designis Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2005; 55(6): 2605 - 2621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Stoeck, M. V. J. Schwarz, J. Boenigk, M. Schweikert, S. von der Heyden, and A. Behnke Cellular identity of an 18S rRNA gene sequence clade within the class Kinetoplastea: the novel genus Actuariola gen. nov. (Neobodonida) with description of the type species Actuariola framvarensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2005; 55(6): 2623 - 2635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Marande, J. Lukes, and G. Burger Unique Mitochondrial Genome Structure in Diplonemids, the Sister Group of Kinetoplastids Eukaryot. Cell, June 1, 2005; 4(6): 1137 - 1146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Moreira, P. Lopez-Garcia, and K. Vickerman An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2004; 54(5): 1861 - 1875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Gaziova and J. Lukes Mitochondrial and Nuclear Localization of Topoisomerase II in the Flagellate Bodo saltans (Kinetoplastida), a Species with Non-catenated Kinetoplast DNA J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 10900 - 10907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|