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Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1645-1655 (2002)
© 2002 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

Evolution of Amino Acid Frequencies in Proteins Over Deep Time: Inferred Order of Introduction of Amino Acids into the Genetic Code

Dawn J. Brooks*, Jacques R. Fresco*, Arthur M. Lesk{dagger} and Mona Singh{ddagger}

*Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University
{dagger}Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, United Kingdom;
{ddagger}Department of Computer Science and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University

To understand more fully how amino acid composition of proteins has changed over the course of evolution, a method has been developed for estimating the composition of proteins in an ancestral genome. Estimates are based upon the composition of conserved residues in descendant sequences and empirical knowledge of the relative probability of conservation of various amino acids. Simulations are used to model and correct for errors in the estimates. The method was used to infer the amino acid composition of a large protein set in the Last Universal Ancestor (LUA) of all extant species. Relative to the modern protein set, LUA proteins were found to be generally richer in those amino acids that are believed to have been most abundant in the prebiotic environment and poorer in those amino acids that are believed to have been unavailable or scarce. It is proposed that the inferred amino acid composition of proteins in the LUA probably reflects historical events in the establishment of the genetic code.


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