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Molecular Biology and Evolution 18:1077-1087 (2001)
© 2001 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

ARTICLE

Geographical, Linguistic, and Cultural Influences on Genetic Diversity: Y-Chromosomal Distribution in Northern European Populations

Tatiana Zerjal, Lars Beckman, Gunhild Beckman, Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar, Astrida Krumina, Vaidutis Kucinskas, Matthew E. Hurles and Chris Tyler-Smith

Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Gotland University College, Visby, Gotland, Sweden
Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Academy of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
Center of Human Genetics, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England

We analyzed 10 Y-chromosomal binary markers in 363 males from 8 populations in Northern Europe and 5 Y microsatellites in 346 of these individuals. These populations can be grouped according to cultural, linguistic, or geographical criteria, and the groupings are different in each case. We can therefore ask which criterion best corresponds to the distribution of genetic variation. In an AMOVA analysis using the binary markers, 13% of the Y variation was found between populations, indicating a high level of differentiation within this small area. No significant difference was seen between the traditionally nomadic Saami and the neighboring, historically farming, populations. When the populations were divided into Uralic speakers and Indo-European speakers, 8% of the variation was found between groups, but when they were divided according to geographical location, 14% of the variation was between groups. Geographical factors have thus been the most important in limiting gene flow between these populations, but linguistic differences have also been important in the east.


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