Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 16, 553-563, Copyright © 1999 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
G Bharathan, BJ Janssen, EA Kellogg and N Sinha
Knotted-like (KNOX) proteins constitute a group of homeodomain proteins
involved in pattern formation in developing tissues of angiosperms and
other green plants. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide and
amino acid sequences of all known KNOX proteins in order to examine their
evolution. Our analyses reveal two groups of KNOX proteins, classes I and
II. Dicot and monocot sequences occur in both classes, indicating that the
protein classes arose prior to the origin of the monocots. A conifer
(Picea) sequence is nested within class I, suggesting that there are likely
to be other copies of KNOX genes in this and other conifers. The orthology
of several grass genes (including Zea Kn1, ZMKN1) is strongly supported by
phylogenetic and synteny analyses. However, no compelling evidence supports
the hypothesis of orthology previously proposed for several dicot genes and
ZMKN1. Analysis of expression patterns suggests that the ancestral KNOX
gene was expressed in all plant parts and that the propensity to be
downregulated in roots and leaves evolved in the class I genes.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the KNOTTED class of plant homeodomain proteins
Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA.
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