Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 16, 1724-1739, Copyright © 1999 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
P Arctander, C Johansen and MA Coutellec-Vreto
The phylogeography of three species of African bovids, the hartebeest
(Alcelaphus buselaphus), the topi (Damaliscus lunatus), and the wildebeest
(Connochaetes taurinus), is inferred from sequence variation of 345
sequences at the control region (d-loop) of the mtDNA. The three species
are closely related (tribe Alcelaphini) and share similar habitat
requirements. Moreover, their former distribution extended over Africa, as
a probable result of the expansion of open grassland on the continent
during the last 2.5 Myr. A combination of population genetics (diversity
and structure) and intraspecific phylogeny (tree topology and relative
branch length) methods is used to substantiate scenarios of the species
history. Population dynamics are inferred from the distribution of sequence
pairwise differences within populations. In the three species, there is a
significant structuring of the populations, as shown by analysis of
molecular variance (AMOVA) pairwise and hierarchical differentiation
estimations. In the wildebeest, a pattern of colonization from southern
Africa toward east Africa is consistent with the asymmetric topology of the
gene tree, showing a paraphyletic position of southern lineages, as well as
their relatively longer branch lengths, and is supported by a progressive
decline in population nucleotide diversity toward east Africa. The
phylogenetic pattern found in the topi and the hartebeest differs from that
of the wildebeest: lineages split into monophyletic clades, and no
geographical trend is detected in population diversity. We suggest a
scenario where these antelopes, previously with wide pan-African
distributions, became extinct except in a few refugia. The hartebeest, and
probably also the topi, survived in refugia north of the equator, in the
east and the west, respectively, as well as one in the south. The southern
refugium furthermore seems to have been the only place where the wildebeest
has survived.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Phylogeography of three closely related African bovids (tribe Alcelaphini)
Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. peter.arctander@pop.zi.ku.dk
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